Governments and civil society are increasingly aware that the decarbonization of energy systems needs to be aligned with justice principles of recognition, distribution, and process. This paper establishes a conceptual linkage between "sustainable development", "low-carbon energy transitions" and "energy justice" and examines social priorities to address peoples' competing priorities associated with low-carbon energy interventions. By analyzing a renewable energy project in Vietnam as a case study, the paper shows that linking social priorities to energy justice provides a useful contribution for energy policy makers toward a better understanding of the multidimensional and complex aspects of low-carbon energy transitions, and how different segments of society prioritize and perceive them for the achievement of socially just energy decisions.

Accurate and precise quantitative measurement of product-related variants of a therapeutic antibody is essential for product development and testing. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are Abs composed of two different half antibody arms, each of which recognizes a distinct target, and recently they have attracted substantial therapeutic interest. Because of the increased complexity of its structure and its production process, as compared to a conventional monoclonal antibody, additional product-related variants, including covalent and noncovalent homodimers of half antibodies (hAbs), may be present in the bsAb product. Sufficient separation and reliable quantitation of these bsAb homodimers using liquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrophoresis-based methods is challenging because these homodimer species and the bsAb often have similar physicochemical properties. Formation of noncovalent homodimers and heterodimers can also occur. In addition, since homodimers share common sequences with their corresponding halves and bsAb, it is not suitable to use peptides as surrogates for their quantitation. To tackle these analytical challenges, we developed a mass spectrometry-based quantitation method. Chip-based nanoflow LC-time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with a standard addition approach provided unbiased absolute quantitation of these drug-product-related variants. Two methods for the addition of known levels of standard (multi- or single-addition) were evaluated. Both methods demonstrated accurate and reproducible quantitation of homodimers at the 0.2% (w/w) level, with the single-addition method having the promise of higher analytical throughput.

The extent of afucosylation, which refers to the absence of core fucose on Fc glycans, can correlate positively with the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Therefore, it is important to maintain consistent afucosylation during cell culture process scale-up in bioreactors for a mAb with ADCC activity. However, there is currently a lack of understanding about the impact of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 )-a parameter that can vary with bioreactor scale-on afucosylation. Using a small-scale (3 L) bioreactor model that can modulate pCO 2 levels through modified configurations and gassing strategies, we identified three cell culture process parameters that influence afucosylation of a mAb produced by a recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line: pCO 2 , media hold duration (at 37°C), and manganese. These three-independent parameters demonstrated a synergistic effect on mAb afucosylation; increase in pCO 2 , media hold duration, and manganese consistently increased afucosylation. Our investigations into the underlying mechanisms through proteomic analysis indicated that the synergistic interactions downregulated pathways related to guanosine diphosphatefucose synthesis and fucosylation, and upregulated manganese transport into the CHO cells. These new findings highlight the importance of considering potential differences in culture environment and operations across bioreactor scales, and understanding the impact of their interactions on product quality.

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