The purpose of this study was to reveal the relationship between chewing-side preference and anterior disc displacement (ADD) of the TMJ. Thirty-two healthy subjects with ages ranging from 26 to 34 years were selected from volunteer students at the Okayama University Dental School. Subjects were asked to chew freely with two kinds of test foods, beef jerky (hard food) and chiffon cake (soft food), thus expecting different amounts of mechanical loading on the TMJ. One, 4, and 7 s after starting the mastication, subjects were asked to open their mouth momentarily to have a digital image of their mouth taken. The bolus placement area was measured by processing the digital images, calculated as the number of pixel of bolus area. Area asymmetry index was used for the determination of preferred chewing side (PCS). Oblique sagittal MRI scanning in the closed mouth position was taken to evaluate the articular disc position. In asymptomatic subjects with ADD, a significant predominance of the PCS on the ipsilateral side of ADD was observed during the mastication of hard food. On the contrary, no correlation was found between unilateral ADD and PCS for the soft food. From the results of this study, it is suggested that ADD is the associating factor of PCS for hard food. Therefore, it would be necessary to break down the concept of PCS into at least two categories, one for hard food and one for soft food, considering the mechanical loading on the TMJ.

Routine ultrasonic cleansing should be performed to avoid the possible accumulation of microorganisms in the laminated mesh structure.

Determining employee potential to support training and career development as well as positions in human resources is not easy. One way to evaluate is that Kirkpatrick's model influences performance effectiveness, as well as the effectiveness of the training programs that have been implemented. The aim is to find out leadership management training for Higher Education Lecturers. The population in this study were participants in leadership management training at the University of Tangerang Raya. Use of data based on primary data (questionnaire). The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling using the proportional random sampling method. With the number of research samples, there were 35 lecturers at the University of Tangerang Raya located in Tigaraksa. The dependent variable is performance. The independent variables are Kirkpatrick's attributes: reaction, learning, behavior, and result. This study provides recommendations for evaluating leadership management training using the cryptic method affecting performance, explaining that there is no training carried out in leadership management training activities that do not affect HR performance in the University of Tangerang Raya. Follow-up research conducts training according to competency standards that are following the needs of Lecturer HR.