Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to physiological intracellular signaling events. We determined ROS generation in primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle after field stimulation (400 1-ms pulses at a frequency of 45 Hz) or after depolarization with 65 mM K þ for 1 min. Both protocols induced a long lasting increase in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence used as ROS indicator. Addition of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, PEG-catalase, a ROS scavenger, or nifedipine, an inhibitor of the skeletal muscle voltage sensor, significantly reduced this increase. Myotubes contained both the p47 phox and gp91 phox phagocytic NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, as revealed by immunodetection. To study the effects of ROS, myotubes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) at concentrations (100-200 mM) that did not alter cell viability; H 2 O 2 induced a transient intracellular Ca 2þ rise, measured as fluo-3 fluorescence. Minutes after Ca 2þ signal initiation, an increase in ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation and of mRNA for the early genes c-fos and c-jun was detected. Inhibition of ryanodine receptor (RyR) decreased all effects induced by H 2 O 2 and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin decreased ryanodine-sensitive calcium signals. Activity-dependent ROS generation is likely to be involved in regulation of calcium-controlled intracellular signaling pathways in muscle cells.
Triaxial accelerometer could serve as a quantitative evaluation of rotational instability. The present study demonstrated that PL bundle has the most important contribution for rotational instability (80.4%) when compared to IM bundle (0.01%) and AM bundle (19.5%) in porcine knee model.
LSG may be an acceptable operation. It is easy to perform, safe, and has a lower complication rate than other bariatric operations. Further studies are necessary for the clinical results at long-term follow-up.
The in situ force in the ACL is better restored with an anatomic three-tunnel DB reconstruction in response to the simulated pivot-shift test at low flexion angle when compared to an anatomic SB reconstruction. Both three-tunnel DB ACL reconstructions performed in an anatomic fashion had similar biomechanical behavior. As long as it is performed anatomically, DB ACL reconstruction could be better alternative than SB ACL reconstruction, no matter which three-tunnel procedure, 2F-1T or 1F-2T, is used.
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