Background. Studies have indicated that diabetic tubulopathy may occur earlier than glomerulopathy, therefore providing a potential avenue for earlier diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Urinary beta-2-microglobulin (β2m) was investigated in this study as a potential biomarker in the detection of early nephropathy in type 2 diabetics. Methods. One hundred and two diabetic subjects and 103 controls that met the inclusion criteria had data (sociodemographic, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory) collected. Urinary β2m levels and urinary albumin concentration (UAC) were determined. Results. Elevated urinary β2m was more frequent among the diabetics (52%, 95% CI: 42.1–61.8%) than among the controls (32%, 95% CI: 22.9–41.2%). The frequency of microalbuminuria was higher in the diabetics (35.3%, 95% CI: 25.9–44.7%) than in the controls (15.5%, 95% CI: 8.4–22.6%). There was a positive correlation between urinary β2m and UAC (rho = 0.38, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed BMI (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05–1.45), eGFR (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94–0.99), and presence of microalbuminuria (OR: 3.94, 95% CI: 1.32–11.77) as independent predictors of elevated urinary beta-2-microglobulin among the diabetics. Conclusion. Urinary β2m may be useful, either as a single test or as a component of a panel of tests, in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy.

Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death as a result of cancer in men in the US and other parts of the world. There are conflicting reports on the serum levels of testosterone and 17b-estradiol (E 2 ) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the serum concentrations of these hormones in patients with these disorders. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone and estradiol were determined in 228 subjects comprising of 116 subjects with BPH, 62 subjects with prostate cancer (CaP) and 50 agematched apparently healthy controls, using ELISA methods. PSA levels were significantly elevated (p \ 0.05) in BPH subjects than controls, while there was no significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone and estradiol levels of these subjects. PSA and estradiol levels were significantly higher (p \ 0.05) in CaP subjects than in controls, while there was no observed significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone levels. CaP subjects had significantly raised PSA, testosterone, and estradiol levels than BPH subjects. The mean molar ratio of testosterone: E 2 was lowest among CaP patients (134:1) and highest among controls (166:1). Significant positive correlation between PSA and 17b-estradiol was observed in prostate disorders (BPH and CaP patients: r = 0.347; p = 0.000). Significant negative correlations between testosterone and PSA were also observed among BPH patients (r = -0.221, p = 0.049) and control subjects (r = -0.490, p = 0.000). No significant correlation existed between testosterone and PSA in CaP patients (r = 0.051, p = 0.693). Correlations between age and estradiol in both BPH and CaP were not significant (p [ 0.05). This study has shown that, there was a significant increase in serum estradiol in CaP subjects, while the testosterone levels in both BPH and CaP subjects were not different from those of controls.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) an adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in African men today. At present, the only widely accepted screening tools for prostate cancer are prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination. There is controversy regarding the appropriate level of serum PSA that should trigger a biopsy. This study is aimed at finding a better marker/panel of markers for prostate cancer. Methods: 150 consented patients requiring a prostate biopsy and 100 age matched controls were recruited for this study. Genetic materials were found in 132 (88%) of the samples. Serum Total PSA (TPSA) , and free PSA were assayed using ELISA method, % free/total PSA(%f/tpsa) was obtained statistically, prostatic volume was determined using TRUS. In addition, selected urinary RNA’s were assayed; transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2:ERG and TMPRSS2:ETS) fusion genes, PSA gene and PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) , using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols. Results: TMPRSS2:ERG was detected in 9 (7 %) of the samples and limited to biopsy positive for PCa. Similarly, TMPRSS2:ETS was found in only 4 (3%) of the samples and also restricted to biopsy positive for PCa. PCA3 score had the best discriminatory accuracy in diagnosing PCa amongst patients with serum Total PSA in the range of 4 - 10 ng/ml with AUC of 0.705 compared to Total PSA, f/t PSA ratio, and PSA Density which were 0.365, 0.695, and 0.541 respectively. At the cut off value of 24.6, PCA3 score yielded its best sensitivity of 0.615 and specificity of 0.630. At the cutoff of 18, free/total PSA ratio (0.615, 0.77), at the cutoff of 0.14 PSAD yielded its best (0.538, 0.704.) respectively. Direct logistic regression was performed to access the predictability of PCa using different models comprising of three (3) covariates, the model comprising PCA3 Score, f/t PSA ratio and PSAD had the best discriminating accuracy in the subgroup with TPSA range of 4 - 10ng/ml, with the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of 0.59, 0.93, 71.4% and 75.8% respectively, over models comprising PCA3 Score ,TPSA and %f/t PSA, and PCA3 Score, TPSA and PSAD with these values (0.23, 0.85, 42.9 % and 70.1%), (0.39, 0.89, 62.5%, and 75 %) and ( 0.15, 0.85,66.7% and 67.6%) respectively. Conclusions: In predicting PCa amongst patients with serum total PSA in the grey area of 4 - 10 ng/ml, the model comprising PCA3 Score, f/t PSA ratio and PSAD had the best discriminating accuracy. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Oluyemi Akinloye, Aniebietabasi S. Obot, Taiwo A. Adewole. Potentials of some serum proteins and urinary molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis of prostate cancer in Nigeria patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 732. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-732