Objective To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behavior of medical students towards recommended vaccines. Method A cross sectional study was done, where 3000 students from medical colleges of Multan were included by convenience sampling. They filled a well-developed, pretested questionnaire through Google forms and the results were analyzed by the Google forms itself. Results Mostly (69%) think they have adequate knowledge related to vaccination and that vaccines are effective for prevention (93%) of diseases. Almost 82% were of the opinion that vaccines are safe. Mostly (83%) believe that benefits of vaccines are greater. Majority (86%) think the unvaccinated people are at risk. Only 25% said they trust the information regarding vaccines acquired from society. Most (91%) think that one should get vaccinated according to the recommended vaccination plan and even 86% said one should get vaccinated even if it is not free. Some (59%) said the route of administration matters. Majority (68%) think there should be an aggressive law enforcement action to get vaccinated. Almost all of them (93%) think that medical students should persuade others for vaccination and 83% of them agreed that they’d consider to take part in any campaign/ program for vaccination. Conclusion It has been found that medical students from all years have sufficient knowledge related to vaccination and show a positive attitude towards vaccination. Medical students can be used as a means for spreading awareness regarding infectious diseases and their prevention. We recommend medical institutes conduct workshops and introduce programs that can help to educate students on infectious diseases and vaccination.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by insulin resistance along with inadequate circulating insulin in the blood. It has been observed that the changes in the complex habitat composed of trillions of bacteria can cause metabolic disturbances. Previous studies have explained the phenomenon of dysbiosis which leads to the development and progression of diabetes mellitus type 2. It has been reported that there are altered gut microbiota levels present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Main Body: Gut microbiota and its metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus therefore, intestinal microbiota may be one of the crucial medicinal targets for the disease. Studies have shown that diabetes can be managed effectively by altering the human gut microbiome. This review presents three therapeutic options which can be used to alter the gut microbiome. The therapeutic options are; fecal microbial transplant, use of probiotics and cinnamon. These interventions have proven to increase richness and diversity of gut microbiota. A vast number of studies support the beneficial effects of probiotics in treating type 2 diabetes due to its oxidative stress inhibiting properties. Cinnamon has shown similar benefits owing to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative nature. An adequate number of animal studies and few human studies have reported improvement in insulin sensitivity in fecal microbial transplant recipients. Conclusion: Consumption of probiotics and cinnamon have shown potential benefits in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fecal microbiota transplant has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity along with other impaired characteristics for example HbA1c found in diabetics. It can be suggested that microbiota-based interventions can be used for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are necessary to explore the mechanisms by which these treatment options provide potential beneficial effects in T2DM patients. Keywords: Gut microbiome, Gut microbiota, Gut flora, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Fecal microbial transplant, Probiotics.