Heart rate is one of the gold standards used to assess the workload level and fitness of horses. However, when slight differences need to be detected, it is not sensitive enough. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of competition level and phase of exercise on the heart rate and heart rate variability parameters in show jumpers. Fourteen horses were examined competing on three different levels: 100 cm (n = 4), 120 cm (n = 6), and 130 cm (n = 4). The length of work (min); average and maximum heart rate; average, maximum and minimum RR intervals (ms); SD1 and SD2 (ms); RMSSD (ms) and pNN50 (%); VLF, LF, HF (%) were analyzed. The measurement was divided into four phases: warm-up, resting period, show jumping course riding, and cool-down. The level of the course had no significant effect on average and maximum heart rates throughout the entire exercise. The maximum RR interval, RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, and %VLF values were significantly different (p < 0.05) in horses competing at 100 cm height from those competing in the 120 cm group. The SD1 value was sensitive for the level of competition, while the SD2 parameter was sensitive for detecting exercise phases. In conclusion, heart rate variability parameters are more sensitive for detecting smaller differences in workload than heart rate alone in lower-level show jumpers.
Athletes, including equine athletes need high intensity training in order to achieve high performance. However, continuous high intensity training often results in injuries to the locomotive system. The buoyancy of water reduces the force born on joints; therefore, training in water has been used for rehabilitation purposes both in humans and horses. The few studies dealing with water treadmill training of horses suggest that the fitness of horses can be improved using this training method, but none tested the subsequent performance of horses after water training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of water training of varying intensity on the fitness-related parameters of show jumpers during training and after competition. Four similarly trained show jumper sport horse (aged between 7−11 years) competing at the same level (110 cm) were selected. Horses were subjected to 44-min deep water treadmill training with three intensities (9, 11, 13 km/h maximum speed) three times a week in addition to their normal training. At the conclusion of the week, horses participated in a two-day indoor show jumping event. Blood samples (4 ml) were taken from the jugular vein during the third water training and before and after the completion of the show jumping course on each day. From the blood plasma, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as lactate, glucose and triglyceride levels were determined. Data analysis was carried out with SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, USA) using the GLM procedure and Duncan’s new multiple range test. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the same blood parameters from different sampling times. No interactions were detected between training intensity and sampling time during water training. Plasma lactate and glucose levels were decreased during the water training, while values increased afterwards. In contrast, heart rate, triglyceride and cortisol levels were elevated as a result of water training. Increasing the maximum speed of the water treadmill had no influence on the average heart rate of horses subjected to the training. Plasma lactate levels decreased with the increased maximum speed of the water trainer. Activities of AST, CK, LDH, and levels of cholesterol, cortisol and bilirubin decreased when the maximum speed of the treadmill was set to 11 km/h compared to the 9 km/h training. Water training resulted in lower heart rate measured right after completing the show jumping course when horses were subjected to medium intensity water training. The AST, CK and LDH activities measured before and after water training had only weak to moderate positive correlations with values measured after competition. In conclusion, our results indicate that deep-water training alters the biochemical processes and can improve the aerobic energy supply of show jumpers. Water training is a strenuous exercise, which initially leads to increased muscle damage. However, this initial phase is followed by subsequent adaptation.
Th e aim of our article is to analyse the generational diff erences of ICT access and utilization by presenting the fi rst results of a recent sociological research which was carried out with four diff erent age groups at the beginning of 2012. Th e paper focuses on the similarities and diff erences of ICT (computer, internet and mobile phone) access and use of the generations. First of all, we provide the theoretical framework of the analysis by introducing the defi nitions and literature of the 'digital gap', the 'digital inequalities' and the 'digital natives'. In addition to the discussion of the mostly descriptive results of the research, we follow the concepts of digital gap and digital inequalities by fi rst showing the diff erences of ICT access, then that of some other aspects of ICT use -the place, the autonomy, the intensity and the aim of use -between the generations. As far as the diff erences in access are concerned, the socio-economic characteristics of users and non-users are considered.Th e analysis confi rms that ICT access and use diff erences correspond to the generational discrepancies. On the one hand the results show that the most typical characteristic of nonusers is their high age. On the other hand we have found that even the members of the young generation -the so-called digital natives -constitute a rather heterogenic population in regard of the diff erent dimensions of ICT use. Further analysis is needed and planned in order to reveal the causal relations behind the results found. BevezetésAz utóbbi évtizedekben szemünk előtt zajlott le egy mélyreható társadalmi változás, melynek eredményeképpen a legtöbb fejlett ország társadalma információs társadalomnak nevezhető. Annak ellenére, hogy az új társadalmi együttélési mód elnevezése körül nincsen konszenzus Studies
The aim of the study was to test the effect of different dietary energy sources on several blood biochemical parameters on aqua treadmill trained show jumpers. Four horses in latin square arrangements consumed identical amounts of meadow hay, and four concentrates differing mainly in their energy source (control, starch from oat, oil from sunflower and sugar from sugar beet molasses) but providing the same amount of energy. One experimental period consisted of a 10 day adaptation and 4 day test period involving deep water aqua treadmill training. Blood samples were taken during and after the last aqua treadmill training and lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and triglycerides levels were determined from the plasma. The different dietary energy sources resulted in similar plasma lactate levels. The increased starch content of the feed resulted in significantly lower (p < 0.05) creatine kinase level at the end of the first walking section of aqua training. This result appeared later as a tendency (p 0.1). Horses fed sunflower oil as a main energy source had higher aspartate aminotransferase level after two hours of the aqua training. The plasma triglyceride concentration in the sunflower oil group tended (p < 0.1) to be lower at the end of aqua training; while one hour after the training it was significantly lower. The elevated level of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase indicates that lactate does not correctly reflect the strenuousness of the aqua training. The dietary energy source modifies the metabolic response to aqua training, even if it is not considerable. ARTICLE HISTORY
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