The present study reveals observational constraints on the coupling between dark components of anisotropic Bianchi type I universe. We assume interaction between dark matter and dark energy and split the continuity equation with inclusion of interaction term Γ. Two scenarios have been considered (i) when coupling between dark components is constant and (ii) when it is a function of redshift (z). Metropolis-Hasting algorithm has been used to perform Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) analysis by using observational Hubble data obtained from cosmic chronometric (CC) technique, cosmic microwave background (CMB) baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), Pantheon compilation of Supernovae type Ia (SNIa), their joint combination and a gaussian prior on the Hubble parameter H0. It is obtained that the combination of all databases plus H0 prior marginalized over a present dark energy density gives stringent constraints on the current value of coupling as −0.001 < δ < 0.041 in constant coupling model and −0.042 < δ < 0.053 in varying coupling model at 68% confident level. In general, for both models, we found ω X ≈ −1 and δ(δ0) ≈ 0 which indicate that still recent data favor uncoupled ΛCDM model. Our estimations show that in constant coupling model H0 = 73.9 +1.5 −0.95 which naturally solves the Hubble tension problem. In other word, in constant coupling model, we did not find any disagreement between our estimated H0 and those reported by Hubble space telescope (HST) and large scale structure (LSS) experiments.

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Objective: To assess the need for orthodontic treatment among Nepalese high school students. Material and Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample comprises 938 children (537 males and 401 females) with an age group above 14 years. The subjects were selected voluntarily from seven different schools of Kathmandu valley using a multistage sampling technique. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need comprises two components: Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC). Two trained and calibrated examiners performed the oral examination. Results: On analysis of the DHC component, it was found that 21% had no need, 18.1% had mild/little need, 24.3% had moderate/borderline need, 35.8% had severe need, and 0.7% had extreme treatment need. Similarly on analysis of AC component, it was found that 33% were AC-1, 30.8% were AC-2, 7.2% were AC-3, 8.2% were AC-4, 2.1% were AC-5, 3.6% were AC-6, 1.8% were AC-7, 7.4% were AC-8, 1.8% were AC-9, and 3.9% were AC-10. Conclusion: The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need can be used as a tool for planning dental health resources and prioritizing the treatment need of different populations.