An aggressive surgical approach remains the mainstay of treatment to achieve cure. We believe that the extent of dissection is different in each subgroup and, therefore, the need exists to redefine level III thrombus of the inferior vena cava. The application of liver transplant techniques for mobilizing the liver off of the inferior vena cava as well as the inferior vena cava off of the posterior abdominal wall contributes to excellent exposure and enables adequate vascular control of the inferior vena cava.

Men should have the opportunity to receive local anesthesia before ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with the goal of decreasing the discomfort associated with this procedure. Our prospective randomized study indicates that ultrasound guided periprostatic nerve block with 1% lidocaine provides anesthesia superior to the intrarectal placement of lidocaine gel.

High grade stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor. Complete resection followed by immediate mitomycin C instillation and 6 weekly BCG instillations results in an acceptably low recurrence and progression rate. Rigorous long-term surveillance and continuous reconsideration of radical cystectomy in concordance with the evolution of the disease are essential.

Hypothesis: Protocol Doppler ultrasonography of the liver (DUSL) is useful for detecting early hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). Urgent exploration based on DUSL findings and immediate revascularization of the liver may avoid HATrelated sequelae, namely, biliary complications and retransplantation after pediatric liver transplantation.