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Many epidemiological studies from all over the world have reported that populations of rural and urban environments differ in their health issues due to the differences in the countrywide pollution pattern. In developing countries, various occupational cohorts and subsections of the population in urban and rural areas are routinely exposed to several environmentally widespread contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over hundred different compounds and have ubiquitous presence in rural and urban environments. Smoke from the combustion of biomass fuel contains a high concentration of carcinogenic PAHs, which are related with several human morbidities. The sources and types of biomass fuel are diverse and wide in distribution. Limited numbers of literature reports have focused the significant impact of PAHs on several components of blood, both in human and wildlife. The toxicity of PAHs to rapidly dividing cells (e.g., bone marrow cells) and other tissues is largely attributed to their reactive oxygenated metabolites, potential of causing oxidative stress, and the adducts of their metabolites with DNA. This review aims to encompass the blood-related effects of PAHs and associated human health risks-an aspect that needs further research-on the population of developing countries of the world in particular.

The present study examined the direct as well as indirect effects of work related flow and psychological capital on employee creativity among employees of software houses. The participants (N=532) were drawn form the software houses of Rawalpindi and Islamabad including both men and women with age range of 25-52 years (M=32.53). They completed the measures of psychological capital, flow at work, and employee creativity. Results indicated that psychological capital, work related flow and employee creativity were significantly positively associated with each other. Stepwise Regression analysis revealed work related flow as a strong predictor of employee creativity. Findings also revealed that men exhibited greater psychological capital, work related flow and creativity as compared to women. It was also noted that extended job tenure reflected more psychological capital, work related flow and creativity at workplace as compared to those with lesser job tenure. The implications of the study are discussed.

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