Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, zinc, aluminum, arsenic, nickel, chromium, and cobalt, are the common pollutants present within the environment from various natural and Industrial sources. Synthetic dyes are commonly used for dyeing and printing in a variety of industries. The traditional methods for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater are chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane processes, and evaporation which require high capital investment and running costs. Activated carbon prepared from agricultural wastes and its by-products are good alternative sources for adsorption because they are low-cost, renewable sources with high carbon, volatile contents, low ash, and reasonable hardness. The preparation means of activated carbon are physical and chemical methods. The important advantages of chemical activation over physical activation are the process that can be accomplished even at lower temperatures and the yield obtained in chemical activation tends to be greater since burn-off char can be avoided. In this chapter, the removal of heavy metals and dyes, using activated carbon, which was prepared by using agricultural waste, biomass was presented. This helps the researchers to accumulate knowledge.

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Sol gel methods were used for the study of the antimicrobial activity of Cd-TiO2 against gram-negative and positive bacteria. These Cd-TiO2 have been characterized by various optical and techniques. They have been exhibited by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The structures of the various XRD patterns indicate that the product has a structure. The particle size of Cd-TiO2 is 35nm. The SEM images confirm the spherical appearance of the sample. The energy X-ray spectra have been confirmed as well and then C, O, Ti, Cd, Pt element are present in Cd-TiO2. The weight percentage of Cadmium is 5.8%, Ti is 51.03%, C is 5.13% and O is 31.75% in Cd-TiO2. BET image shows that the major pore size distribution of Cd-TiO2 is ranged from 2.24 nm. The Cd-TiO2 that the antibacterial activity when tested against the pathogens only gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas. The zone of minimum inhibition concentration was measured in a range of 20mm in 25μl and 30mm in 100μl.