Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease found all over the world, including Indonesia. The DM often found in pediatric patients is DM Type 1. The DM patients with uncontrolled blood glucose will likely suffer multiple organ damage, most notably to the kidneys, eyes, heart, and nerves. To help monitor blood glucose levels, lab checkups such as fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial, and Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels are done. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of blood glucose and HbA1C in pediatric patients with DM Type 1. Methods: The study was held in August to October 2014, using descriptive method and cross sectional design. Data were obtained from 28 medical records of DM Type 1 patients in the Department of Child Health at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital. The variables of this study were blood glucose level and HbA1 in three consecutive examinations. The collected data was presented in tables. Results: The patients were 19 female and 9 male, most of the patients aged between 11-15 years old. Data reported that on first, second, and third examination, most subjects had both fasting blood glucose and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels over 180 mg/dl. On first and second HbA1c checkup, most subjects had values over 10%, and on third checkup had results ranging from 8 to 9.9%. Conclusions: Most patients are girls and aged between 11-15 years old. The most have uncontrolled blood glucoselevel and HbA1c levels.

Introduction: The estimation of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients nowadays are 486 million people. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) serves as one of the most common microvascular disease complications. About 2,6 million people with DM are suffered from visual disturbance. The pathogenesis of DR consists of several mechanisms. These mechanisms are the basics of the DR standard therapies. This review is conducted to observe the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy related to the treatment that existed through current literature Methods: An online literature search was conducted in PubMed for relevant publications between 2011 and 2021 by combining the following search terms: retina, diabetic retinopathy, pathogenesis, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and management. Results: Retinal neurodegeneration consists of several steps that cause ROS elevation. Retinal microvasculopathy causes increase microvasculature. Chronic inflammation cause progressive damage to the retina. Based on diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis, the therapy includes pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. Pharmacological treatment aims to reduce blood glucose and progress through anti-VEGF and anti-inflammatory drugs. Non-pharmacological treatment is the option to treat severe DR and acts as conjunctive therapy towards pharmacological therapy. Conclusions: Based on the current literature, it can be concluded that the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy plays an important role in the DR therapy that already existed, especially in the micovasculopathy and inflammation stage.