Background As per WHO, Cervical cancer (CaCx) is a global issue, being the fourth common cancer in women with incidence rate of 13.1 per 1 lakh women globally and accounting for 311000 deaths in the year 2018 itself globally. The molecular pathogenesis in Human papillomavirus (HPV) infected cases is inconclusive. The detection of molecular factors leading to progression of CaCx can be important in the diagnosis and management of the disease. p53 a known tumor suppressor gene having a regulative role in cell cycle has been highlighted as key factor in the prevention of cancer but its significance in CaCx cases has been variably documented. The present study therefore targeted to evaluate the significance of p53 profile in CaCx cases in ethnically distinct northeast Indian population. Methods Blood and Tissue samples (N = 85) of cervical cancer patients were collected and screening for HPV was performed using PCR. Thereafter the differential mRNA expression(qPCR), Immunohistochemistry, Mutation (PCR direct sequencing method) of p53 was studied. Further p53 epigenetic profiling was done by Methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR) and western blotting by using p53 acetylation specific antibodies.

Multiple factors are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection related cervical anomalies and its progression to cervical carcinoma (CaCx), but data vary with respect to the underlying HPV genotype and with population being studied. No data are available regarding the role of immunological imbalance in HPV infected CaCx pathogenesis from Northeast India, which has an ethnically distinct population, and was aimed to be addressed through this study. The study included 76 CaCx cases, 25 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cases, and 50 healthy female controls. HPV screening and genotyping were performed by PCR. Differential expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was studied at serum level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and tissue level by immunohistochemistry and messenger RNA (mRNA) level by real-time PCR. The data were correlated with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and NF-κβp65 levels at protein level, as well as HPV16 E6 and E7 expression at transcript level statistically. HPV infection and HPV16 genotype were predominant in the studied cohort. TNF-α was found to be downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in CaCx cases compared to controls; and the gradient downregulation correlated with progression of the disease from normal→CIN→CaCx. TNF-α expression correlated with insufficient modulation of both IFN-γ and NF-κβp65. The HPV16 E6 and E7 transcripts were found to be sharply upregulated in CaCx cases strongly inversely correlated with the TNF-α expression. Significant role of TNF-α downregulation associated with insufficient IFN-γ and total NF-κβp65 modulation and the resulting significant upregulation of viral transcripts E6 and E7 are key to the HPV16 infection mediated CaCx pathogenesis in northeast Indian patients.

Lacunae exist in the molecular event(s) specificity associated with cervical cancer (CaCx) pathogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance of telomerase‐cervical cancer stem cells (CSCs) modulation in CaCx pathogenesis with underlying HPV16 infection. The study included HPV16 positive cases only (N = 65) of the total enrolled cases from Northeast India. The analysis of viral load and the differential messenger RNA expression of E6, E7, hTERT, hTR, and cancer stem‐cell markers was studied by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Further the protein and colocalization study for E6, hTERT, and oct4 was performed by immunofluorescence. The real‐time polymerase chain reaction based analysis showed an upregulation of HPV16 viral oncoprotein E6 and E7, and telomerase component hTERT and hTR expression and their correlation in CaCx susceptibility and severity. The hTERT expression correlated with viral load; while the E6 and telomerase protein expression colocalized in the nucleus. The CSCs marker octamer‐binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) was significantly upregulated in CaCx cases, was associated with CaCx susceptibility and severity, and colocalized with E6 expression in the nucleus as revealed from the immunofluorescence studies. To conclude, the telomerase‐OCT4 axis modulation holds key in HPV16 CaCx pathogenesis mediated by HPV16 E6 viral oncoprotein expression, and underlines its potential for therapeutic targeting.

Problem: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the spontaneous loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies prior to 20 weeks of gestation, occurring in 1% of the reproductive-age population. It is a major cause of infertility in India with a staggering 7.46% prevalence rate. Method of study:Blood and product of conception (POCs) from RPL cases (n = 65) were enrolled for this study, along with cases of medically terminated pregnancy (MTP, n = 80) and term delivery cases (n = 90) as control. ELISA for progesterone and progesterone induced blocking factor (PIBF) levels was carried out, followed by mRNA expression analysis of progesterone receptor isoform B (PR-B) and its downstream immunomodulatory effectors, namely, PIBF, IL-10 and IL-12. Screening of PROGINS haplotype of PR gene and PIBF polymorphism were also conducted to correlate with their respective gene expression profiles.Results: Serum progesterone level was found to be comparable in the RPL and MTP cases. Although the mRNA expression of PR-B was found to be downregulated in the RPL cases, no significant PROGINS haplotype was observed. Presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PIBF gene (rs1372000) was more in healthy controls compared to RPL cases. Serum PIBF levels were found to be lower in the RPL cases with a resultant increase in IL-12 and a decrease in IL-10 mRNA expression in these cases.Conclusions: This study indicates that progesterone, acting through PIBF, modulates the immunological state of pregnancy to be Th1-biased in RPL, indicative of a pro-inflammatory, labour-like state not desired for a healthy pregnancy.