This paper reports the results of two trials using midwifery students and a small pilot trial using laywomen as support persons during labor and the feasibility and experiences in organizing such support. In the trials with students, healthy mothers with single, full-term infants not expected to have immediate delivery were randomly allocated to support (12 = 122) and control ( n = I 18) groups; most mothers had the father of the baby with thcm. In the support group, a student stayed with the mother constantly. Many students and midwives did not consider constant support by professionals important or requiring special skills. Mothers were vcry satisfied with having a midwifery student stay with them. The length of hospital stay before birth W A S shorter and the number of women whose contractions stopped after randomization was smaller. Otherwise, the progress of labor, interventions and the mother's and infant's health were similar in the two groups. In the trial with laywomcn, nine out of the ten mothers Corrcspondmce to: Elina Hemminki, MI), 1)eyartnient of Public Health, University of Helsinki. Haartmaniiikatii 3. 00290 Hclsinki, Fiiiland. 239 Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 13:36 26 March 2016 240 Hcmminki et al.were very satisfied with their presence. Our study suggests that constant support may be important for successful birth.

Of the total percentage of cases of generalized anxiety disorder in general practice (4.8 percent for males and 6.0 percent for females), only one-third to one-half of the cases were identified by the general practitioners.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an episodic detoxification treatment relationship as a complex dyadic interaction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is inspired by a grounded theory approach. The first author worked in the field at a Finnish detoxification center in the autumn of 2007, 2008, and 2009. The resultant data have been analyzed thematically to form a process model. Findings – An empirically grounded process model consisting of four states; an initiation state, a fading state, a development state, and an ending state. Each state may include events enabling the process to progress and others that hinder it. Originality/value – By focussing on an under-studied view of relationships, as dyadic, mental and behavioral, and successful and failing, the model highlights the complexity of the treatment. Furthermore, the model can be used to allocate resources (time, work) to the process states in which they are most needed to aid the success of the relationship.