Environmental oestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues are widespread in our living environment. Because their production and use are increasing, exposure of humans to bisphenols is becoming a signifi cant issue. We evaluated the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of eight BPA structural analogues (BPF, BPAF, BPZ, BPS, DMBPA, DMBPS, BP-1, and BP-2) using the Ames and comet assay, respectively. None of the tested bisphenols showed a mutagenic effect in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in either the presence or absence of external S9-mediated metabolic activation (Aroclor 1254-induced male rat liver). Potential genotoxicity of bisphenols was determined in the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.1 μmol L -1 to 10 μmol L -1 ) after 4-hour and 24-hour exposure. In the comet assay, BPA and its analogue BPS induced signifi cant DNA damage only after the 24-hour exposure, while analogues DMBPS, BP-1, and BP-2 induced a transient increase in DNA strand breaks observed only after the 4-hour exposure. BPF, BPAF, BPZ, and DMBPA did not induce DNA damage.

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MurD and MurE ligases, consecutive enzymes participating in the intracellular steps of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, are important targets for antibacterial drug discovery. We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the first d-glutamic acid-containing dual inhibitor of MurD and MurE ligases from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 values between 6.4 and 180 μM) possessing antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus and its methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA) with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 μg/mL. The inhibitor was also found to be noncytotoxic for human HepG2 cells at concentrations below 200 μM.