Background: Clinical examination may suffice in making diagnosis of most dermatologic disorders but histopathological examination is often required to confirm the diagnosis and further categorize the lesions. Authors carried out this study to analyse the demographic and histomorphological characteristics of skin lesions, to determine the frequency of various dermatological disorders in the region and to evaluate the agreement between clinical and histopathological diagnosis.Methods: Punch biopsies of skin lesions received in histopathology section, were included in the study. Cases over a period of six months were analysed. Clinical details were recorded and histopathological analysis done. Special stains were applied wherever required.Results: Of the 120 cases studied, maximum cases fell in the category of 31-40 years, with male predominance.  Authors observed wide variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Infectious diseases were the most common of all pathologies. Leprosy was the most common histopathological diagnosis. Complete clinicopathologic correlation was seen in 51.67% of cases while partial correlation was noted in 23.33% making a total of 75%. 25% histopathological diagnosis were inconsistent with the clinical diagnosis.Conclusions: Histopathology is a gold standard investigation and plays a very important role in confirmation of clinical diagnosis of various skin lesions. Punch biopsy is a relatively easy outpatient procedure to perform.

Granulomatous skin lesions frequently present as a diagnostic challenge to the pathologist because of various modes of presentation. Both infectious and non infectious causes lead to cutaneous granulomas. Histopathological diagnosis is required to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to classify the cutaneous granulomatous lesions. Aim: To study the spectrum, prevlance and frequency of various types of granulomatous skin diseases according to the age and sex of the patient. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional type of observational study was carried out in the department of pathology, Rohilkhand medical college and hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh for the duration of 12 months (November 2018-October 2019). Punch biopsies received were fixed, grossed and processed, with the standard methods and were stained with hematoxylin and Eosin stain. All these biopsies were examined under the microscope and the slides in which granulomatous skin lesions were seen were selected for the study. Special stains were used wherever required. Statistical analysis: The data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Out of total 138 cases maximum number of patients belong to the age group of 21-40 years, with male preponderance. Infectious causes were the most common pathology leading to granulomatous skin lesions, with leprosy as the most common etiology. Conclusion: Leprosy is the leading cause of granulomatous skin lesions in this study. Skin biopsies are an integral part of evaluating cutaneous granulomas. Histopathology along with special stains are the gold standard in reaching exact etiology for a final diagnosis.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is amongst the leading causes of death in females. According to the World Cancer Statistics, the global incidence of cervical cancer is 6.5% and mortality related to it is 7.5%. The most effective way to screen and thus treat in early stages is achieved by screening the patients with Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. Aim: To assess the spectrum of cervical lesions in Pap smears, classify them as per the Bethesda System of reporting Cervical Cytology and compare the cytology results with histopathology where available. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out for a period of two months from August 2022 to September 2022 in Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. The slides of Pap smear were reported as per the 2014 Bethesda System of reporting cervical cytology. Comparison with the histopathological findings was done in cases whenever cervical biopsy or hysterectomy specimen was received. Data was collected, entered and compiled in Microsoft excel followed by analysis using software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.0. The data was represented in frequency and validity was calculated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and accuracy. The p-value was calculated using Chi-square test and significance was set at p<0.05. Results: All cases received during the study duration of two months were included in the study which was 400 consecutive PAP smears. Epithelial cell abnormality was seen in 17 (4.25%) cases. Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) was seen in 8 (2%) cases, Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) in 2 (0.5%) cases, High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) in 1 (0.25%) case, Atypical Squamous Cells- cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) in 4 (1%) cases and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SQCC) in 2 (0.5%) cases. Concordance with histopathathology was seen in 33 of 37 cases. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy was 90%, 88.9%, 75%, 96% and 89%, respectively. The p-value was 0.00001. Conclusion: Cases diagnosed on Pap smear as low-grade epithelial cell abnormality including ASCUS and LSIL should be kept in follow-up, whereas cases diagnosed with high-grade epithelial cell abnormality including ASC-H, HSIL or SQCC, appropriate treatment should be planned.

Background : Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality over worldwide. Although the pathological diagnosis of lung carcinoma is limited as only small specimen available for diagnosis, the availability of targeted therapies has created a need for precise subtyping of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the use of immunohistochemical markers can be helpful in differentiating squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma not only on surgically resected specimen but also on small biopsy samples. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of one year duration including 50 cases of lung carcinomas on guided biopsies were first reported on Haematoxylin and Eosin sections and later subjected for IHC using relevant markers TTF-1 and p40. Results: In our study IHC with TTF-1 and p40 aided in subtyping of 35 (92.1%) cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma and this diagnostic accuracy was found to be statistically significant with p value <0.001. On statistical analysis, p40 showed 100% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity for squamous differentiation whereas TTF-1 showed sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 100% for adenocarcinoma. Out of 50 cases, after IHC, 29 (58%) were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, 18 (36%) as adenocarcinoma, 3 (6%) as non-small cell lung carcinoma. Conclusion: The minimalist IHC based model of p40 and TTF-1 on biopsy samples were effective to correctly subtype most cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma and contribute in sparing material for molecular testing. Keywords: Non-small cell lung carcinoma, immunohistochemistry, squamous cell carcinoma