The cGAS–STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis. Recently, many studies have focused on analyzing the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the cGAS-STING pathway and their consequences. This review gives a detailed account of the interplay between the cGAS-STING pathway and apoptosis. The cGAS-STING pathway can induce apoptosis through ER stress, NLRP3, NF-κB, IRF3, and IFN signals. Conversely, apoptosis can feed back to regulate the cGAS-STING pathway, suppressing it via the activation of caspases or promoting it via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. Apoptosis mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, resisting infections, and limiting tumor growth.

Background: Objective The study on the infection of hydatid disease in yaks in China provides the general epidemiological information of hydatid disease infection in yaks, which is of great value for the formulation of prevention and control strategies for hydatid disease. Method The database of yak hydatid disease infection rate was established by WPS Excel (version 11.1.0.11045-release). The provincial boundaries are vectorized by ArcGIS10.8 software, and the national and provincial boundaries and center vector maps are obtained. Taking the total number of yaks in different regions of China and the infection rate of hydatid disease of yaks in recent 40 years as attribute data, the data were matched with the basic map, and the spatial distribution map was drawn. Finally, spatial autocorrelation analysis, spatial clustering analysis, clustering and outlier analysis were used to analyze the spatial distribution of hydatid disease infection rate in county yaks in China. Results: Except for Yunnan Province, yaks were infected with hydatid disease in the other five provinces and autonomous regions. The infection rate of hydatid disease in yaks in the five provinces has shown a downward trend in the past 40 years. The species of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis infected by yaks in five provinces were Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. There was no Echinococcus multilocularis infection in yaks in Xinjiang. The results of spatial distribution of yak hydatid disease infection in counties of China showed that there were yak hydatid disease infection in 65 counties of five provinces in China. Most of the counties with high infection rate are concentrated at the junction of eastern, western and southeastern Qinghai province, and the average infection rate of hydatid disease in yak is more than 60%. However, the average infection rate of hydatid disease in yaks in western Xinjiang Autonomous region, Tianzhu County in Gansu Province and northeastern Qinghai Province is less than 10%. Conclusions: This is the first time based on ArcGIS to study the infection of hydatid disease in yaks in recent 40 years in China. The advantage is obvious and the spatial distribution is clear immediately.

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