The students' attitudes may change favourably owing to, at least in part, psychiatric training.

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Anger has been suggested to be associated with paranoid thoughts in nonclinical groups. For a clear evaluation of the relationship between anger and paranoid thoughts, successive preliminary surveys were conducted in a student group in Japan. A total of 102 undergraduate students completed two scales-the Paranoia Checklist and the Spielberger Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The participants filled out the questionnaires twice, at a 1-mo. interval. The synchronous effects model was used to examine the relationship between the variables. Structural equation modeling demonstrated an acceptable fit, and trait anger at Time 2 was found to have a weak effect on paranoid thoughts at Time 2, whereas paranoid thoughts at Time 2 had no effect on trait anger at Time 2. The findings suggest the possibility of a relationship between trait anger and paranoid thoughts in a nonclinical population.

Researchers have focused on the distinction between paranoid and social anxious thoughts for eliciting characteristics of paranoid thoughts in greater detail, which may aid theoretical development and understanding of persecutory delusions with regard to continuity between nonclinical and clinical symptoms. This is a report of characteristics of paranoid thoughts compared to social anxious thoughts in a sample of 128 college students. Nine dimensions concerning how individuals perceive their paranoid and social anxious thoughts were assessed as self-ratings for each on resistance, distress, absurdity, conviction, corrigibility, controllability, perception of intended harm, anger, and frequency. These dimensions for the two thoughts were generally independent of each other. Analyses suggested that paranoid thoughts might be characterized by higher distress, absurdity, corrigibility, perception of intended harm, and anger, and by lower conviction compared to social anxious thoughts in this nonclinical group.

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