Materials and Methods A 6-year retrospective analysis of 111 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures in Davangere, Karnataka from January 2004 to December 2009 was performed. Variables like age, gender, occupation, type of fracture and mechanism of injury, concomitant injury, mode of treatment, and complications were recorded and assessed. Results Men between 21 and 30 years were mostly affected (male-to-female ratio = 10:1; age range = 17.60 years; mean 31.7±9.8 [standard deviation]). Most fractures were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs; 74.7%), followed by interpersonal violence (IPV; 15.8%), falls (4.2%), industrial hazards and animal attacks (2.1% each), and self-inflicted injury (1.1%). Forty-two cases were isolated zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. The total number of facial fractures documented was 316, of which 222 were purely related to the ZMC; however, 11 were confined only to the midface. Fifty-three cases had concomitant lower jaw fractures, totaling 83. Ophthalmic injuries occurred in 30.52% of cases. Ninety-two cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and three cases were managed conservatively. The complication rate observed was 25.26%. Conclusion RTA continues to be the chief etiological factor in maxillofacial injury with males being affected predominantly. IPV and falls next contribute significantly to the incidence of such injuries. Concomitant injuries, however, require prompt recognition and appropriate management. ORIF still remains the mainstay of treatment; however, fixation devices are constantly being improved upon in an attempt to reduce immobilization time thereby facilitating early return to function with minimal morbidity. Nevertheless, future advances in maxillofacial trauma diagnosis and management are likely to reduce associated morbidity.

An equimolar mixture of hydrogen and iodine atoms adsorbed on the Si(100) surface is generated by adsorption of iodoethane and annealing to 570 K (which causes ethyl groups to undergo hydrogen elimination and ethylene to desorb). Multiple internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MIR-FTIR) shows that the adsorbed hydrogen is distributed among several configurations. After annealing to 700 K, the spectrum shows only a single configuration, which is assigned to surface dimers that are occupied by one hydrogen and one iodine atom. Density functional theory calculations indicate that these mixed-occupation dimers are not energetically favored over other doubly occupied configurations (two H atoms or two I atoms). This evidence indicates that, in contrast to other ordering phenomena in surface adlayers, the ordering in this case is a kinetic effect and is not driven by thermodynamics.

Articles you may be interested inInfrared spectroscopy study of adsorption and photodecomposition of formic acid on reduced and defective rutile TiO2 (110) surfaces J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 32, 061402 (2014); 10.1116/1.4898568Thermal decomposition of CH3CHO studied by matrix infrared spectroscopy and photoionization mass spectroscopyThe adsorption and chemical transformation of iodoethane were studied on a Si(100)-2ϫ1 surface using multiple-internal reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ͑MIR-FTIR͒. The C-H and Si-H stretch vibrations served as fingerprints of all surface transformations. Although ethyl groups are stable on the Si(100)-2ϫ1 surface at room temperature, thermal annealing studies suggest the reaction-limited formation of ethylene, a major hydrocarbon reaction product, accompanied by the loss of hydrogen, which is left on the surface until the temperature of recombinative H 2 desorption is reached. Variable temperature studies indicate that ethyl groups are the only hydrocarbon entities on a surface up until the hydrogen elimination temperature. The positions of Si-H stretching bands suggest that a mixture of surface sites is formed at temperatures between 300 K and 600 K. However, the majority of surface hydrogen forms SiH-SiI surface species as the surface temperature reaches 700 K.