Background: The Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used because of the connectivity of devices with the Internet which provides accessibility, quick transmission, and broader coverage. IoT networks provide vast connectivity but finding the best path for sharing information is a big challenge because of limited resources like limited power and limited bandwidth. The routing protocol for low power lossy network (RPL) is standard protocol but it selects a node that has already been selected in a busty network. Methods: The fog computing technique is combined with RPL and the new objective function is used to design FOG-RPL which is the optimum routing protocol that reduces the network load using the fog computing principle and selects the right node using the new objective function. Results: The simulation is performed and experimental results show that FOG-RPL gives better results in terms of improvement and in terms of performance parameters. Conclusion: The FOG-RPL protocol uses the fog computing principle with a new objective function and performance analysis shows that as compared to the existing routing protocol, it is more efficient.

The Internet of things connects sensors and smart heterogeneous devices with each other using the internet. IoT networks enable the access of data at any place because everyone is using the internet. IoT networks are the backbone of communication because it is fast, accessible, and easy to use. IoT networks face various challenges that are security, routing, and connectivity but routing is one of the major challenges. The protocol named routing protocol for low power lossy networks (RPL) was developed for LLN by the internet engineering task force (IETF). There were various limitations in the RPL protocol for heterogeneous networks it selects an already selected parent that is congested, which leads to packet loss and due to which more energy is consumed for packet retransmission. Various researchers have proposed improvements in RPL protocols still careful consideration is required to design efficient routing protocols for IoT networks. This paper proposes a routing technique named FOG-RPL which is based on fog computing with a new objective function of routing protocol for LLN. This paper shows the simulation of the FOG-RPL routing protocol using the Cooja simulator in the Contiki operating system. The performance of the proposed protocol is analyzed and compared with the existing protocol. The comparison shows that the proposed protocol is 10% more efficient than the existing protocol in terms of end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packet loss ratio.

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The Internet of things (IoT) is widely used for communication between portable and intelligent heterogeneous devices, like laptops, smartphones, computers, etc. IoT networks are popular in the modern era because they allow data to be exchanged anywhere when connected to the internet. IoT networks have several challenges, including those related to routing, connectivity, privacy, security, and other issues. The major challenge is routing in terms of choosing the best route for sharing data in IoT networks; IoT routing algorithms use more time and energy. In this paper, various routing approaches are categorized into groups, like multicast, clustering, emergency application, traffic, location, tree, and residual energy based approach, and they are compared based on several parameters, like energy consumption, network lifetime, path length, packet delivery ratio, and network latency. In terms of performance metrics, like energy consumption, network lifetime, reliability, efficiency, and packet delivery ratio, the comparison shows that Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), Efficient Tree-based Self-organizing Protocol (ETSP), Collection Tree Protocol (CTP), and Fast Multi-constrained Multicast Routing Algorithms (FAMOUS) are the best protocols. The best approach is a tree-based one since it solves the larger problem in the hierarchy with the least amount of time complexity.