Mandibular hypoplasia is a common dentofacial deformity requiring a combination of orthodontic and surgical treatment. Before the introduction of distraction osteogenesis various orthognathic surgical procedures were carried out to treat mandibular hypoplasia. Orthognathic procedures like corpus lengthening by bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and genioplasty are commonly practised all over the world to address the high esthetic demands and functional problems. But hardly there are any established orthognathic surgical procedures to address the deficiency of the posterior part of the mandible that is ramus and condyle. Transverse mandibular deficiency is one of the most difficult problems to be addressed surgically. With the advent of distraction osteogenesis there is a change in concept of addressing mandibular deficiency. Mandibular corpus distraction was first performed by McCarthy et al using an extraoral unidirectional distraction device. The precision of bone lengthening with extraoral distracters did not accurately match the device settings. Since then due to sustained research and design and collaboration with the manufacturers, clinicians have developed various devices to improve the results of mandibular lengthening. Distractor devices of various shape and size are developed for intraoral use in specific anatomical locations of mandible. This presentation will focus on use of intraoral distraction devices on different anatomical locations of mandible. The surgical methods of corpus, ramus, ramuscondylar unit, and symphyseal distraction osteogenesis and associated complications will be discussed in detail.

Cranioplasty is a time-honoured surgical procedure to restore the calvarial form and function that is associated with a relatively high complication rate. The present article analyzed various complications and reviewed the complications based on study of the relevant research in the craniofacial literature. Complications were broadly divided into 2 groups, intraoperative and postoperative, for ease of understanding. The etiological factors, local and systemic condition of the patient, prevention, and management of various complications were widely discussed. The article also highlighted problems and complications associated with various reconstructive materials. Insights into various complications of cranioplasty enable surgeon to understand them better, minimize the chances of occurrence, and improve surgical outcome. In spite of reported high rate of complications, serious complications like meningitis, air embolism, and death are rare.

No abstract

No abstract

Background: Implant success is affected by initial bone resorption at the implant surface. Continuous efforts have been made to reduce the peri-implant crestal bone loss. Limited information is available regarding the influence of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on interaction between the bone and implant surface. Purpose: The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effect of LLLT on peri-implant crestal bone levels. Materials and methods: Twenty implants were placed in 20 patients who were randomly assigned to two groups. Group I patients' received no adjunctive treatment and group II patients' were administered LLLT using 980 nm diode laser at 0.1 W output power following implant placement. The energy density of 4 J/cm 2 was delivered at six sites for a duration of 10 seconds per site. Crestal bone levels were evaluated primarily using digital intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiograph. The measurements were made immediately (T0) and 6 weeks (T1) post implant placement; and 6 months (T2) and 1 year (T3) post prosthetic loading time intervals and compared using repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: Crestal bone levels at baseline were statistically not significant between groups (P = .880). At T3 time interval, the mean change in crestal bone levels around all anatomical implant sites measured was 0.81 (SE 0.04) mm for irradiated group and 0.97 (SE 0.04) mm for nonirradiated group. Intergroup analysis revealed statistically significant (P = .020) less crestal bone loss in group that received LLLT. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, LLLT reduced the crestal bone resorption surrounding dental implants. Trial registration: The present clinical trial was not registered.