Use of swirling velocity at the inlet has been a classical way to enhance the transport properties of flow within pipes. Owing to the laminar nature of flow of fluids in small tubes, enhancing transport within such tubes is very important for applications involving fluid mixing or heat transfer. Non-Newtonian fluids have varied applications in small pipes ranging from heat pipes to micro heat exchangers. To enhance the transport characteristics, we adopt the method of including swirling of fluid at the inlet of the pipe. Considering this, we investigate the effect of the power-law index of the fluid on the decay of the inlet swirl. We find that the length through which swirl decays to 1% of its value at inlet is strongly dependent on the power-law index value. A correlation for the decay length as a function of Reynolds number and power-law index is developed.

We study a quadrupedal robot traversing a structured (i.e., periodically spaced) obstacle field driven by an open-loop quasi-static trotting walk. Despite complex, repeated collisions and slippage between robot legs and obstacles, the robot's horizontal plane body orientation (yaw) trajectory can converge in the absence of any body level feedback to stable steady state patterns. We classify these patterns into a series of "types" ranging from stable locked equilibria, to stable periodic oscillations, to unstable or mixed period oscillations. We observe that the stable equilibria can bifurcate to stable periodic oscillations and then to mixed period oscillations as the obstacle spacing is gradually increased. Using a 3Dreconstruction method, we experimentally characterize the robot leg-obstacle contact configurations at each step to show that the different steady patterns in robot orientation trajectories result from a selfstabilizing periodic pattern of leg-obstacle contact positions. We present a highly-simplified coupled oscillator model that predicts robot orientation pattern as a function of the leg-obstacle contact mechanism. We demonstrate that the model successfully captures the robot steady state for different obstacle spacing and robot initial conditions. We suggest in simulation that using the simplified coupled oscillator model we can create novel control strategies that allow multi-legged robots to exploit obstacle disturbances to negotiate randomly cluttered environments. For more information: Kod*lab (link to kodlab.seas.upenn.edu