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Urinary tract infections (UTI) are amongst the most common bacterial infections in developing countries. The etiology of UTI and the antibiotic resistance of uropathogenes vary in regions and change through times. Regular surveillance of the changing trends in its bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern is therefore mandatory. This study aims to find out the changing trends in the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of urinary isolates of over five consecutive years. A retrospective, record based study was conducted on all culture and sensitivity (C/S) reports of urine samples obtained in the microbiology laboratory in a tertiary care centre, Central Kerala (January 2012- December 2016). The C/S reports which were positive for significant growth were analyzed to find out its prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis and the results were expressed in percentages. Of the 14105, urine specimens received, 27.93% were positive. Highest rate of UTI is seen in female patients (67.58%) and geriatric age group 47.58%. and Klebsiella are the two most common isolates from all five years of study period and constituted ~ 72% of total. The year wise analysis of antibiotic resistance showed fluctuating pattern. The resistance rate to drugs like Piperacillin –tazobactam and carbepenem showed increasing drug resistance. was found to be more sensitive to Amikacin and nitrofurantoin. Drug resistant strains are markedly high in our area. Antibiotic resistance does not show a consistent trend over years and vary from region to region. Therefore each institution should have an antibiotic policy based on the local antibiogram which is to be renewed regularly.

To understand the epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal infections among nonpregnant adults and to study the antibiotic susceptibility profile of GBS isolates.: A cross sectional study conducted in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care teaching hospital during December 2018 to May 2020. Group B Streptococcal (GBS) isolates from clinical samples of nonpregnant adults were included in the study. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of GBS isolates were performed according to standard microbiology techniques. Patient’s demographic features and clinical details were collected from medical records. : A total of 58 GBS isolates were obtained from nonpregnant adults during the study period. There was a female (60.3%) predominance among the study group. Mean age of the study subjects was 51.4 years. In our study GBS were commonly isolated from urine 50% (n=29) and wound swabs 46.6% (n=27). One isolate each (1.7%) was obtained from blood culture, urethral swab and high vaginal swab. Common GBS infections noted in this study were Urinary tract infections (50%) and skin and soft tissue infections (46.6%). Diabetes mellitus (58.6%) was the most common risk factor noted in our study. All the isolates were sensitive to Penicillin, Linezolid and Vancomycin. Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance of 13.8% and 6.9% respectively were noted. A shifting trend of GBS infections from pregnant women and neonates to non-pregnant adults was observed in the present study. In patients with diabetes mellitus GBS could be considered as causative agent of skin and soft tissue infections.