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Writing research has undergone a transformation: Research techniques have expanded beyond the classical experimental paradigm. The methodologies employed in recent research on the composing process are discussed. These methodologies include laboratory case studies of the composing process, naturalistic studies, quasi-product studies that interpret results in terms of the process, and studies that use unique procedures. The results of the research are presented in terms of the process and of the subprocesses of writing (planning, translating, reviewing, and revising). Limitations of the methodologies are explored, and conclusions about the results are presented.Researchers have long been more interested in students' ability to read than in their ability to write. Recently, however, the research community has finally turned its attention to writing. Although the amount of writing research is still relatively meager, it has, during the past few years, vastly increased knowledge of the composing process. Furthermore, writing research has undergone a transformation: Research techniques have expanded beyond the classical experimental paradigm. Now other methods are also considered appropriate for investigating the cognitive processes involved in composing texts. This paper first discusses methodologies employed in recent research on the composing process. It then presents results of that research in terms of the process and subprocesses of writing. It closes by discussing limitations of the methodologies and conclusions about the results. MethodologyCompared with what is known about human perception activities, relatively little is understood about human production activities such as writing (Gould, 1980). This lack of knowledge results partially from a corresponding lack of valid and reliable strategies and methodologies for studying production tasks.Until the last decade, the methodology was dominated by the experimental method, which emphasizes what is quantifiable. Consequently, research focused on measurable aspects of written products rather than on the elusive behavior of the producers of those products. Recently, however, research interest in the cogni-

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