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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a group of communicable diseases that are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact and are caused by a wide range of bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal agents and ectoparasites. STDs are hidden epidemics. It is imperative to understand the current trends of STDs in various parts of our country in order to plan and implement various strategies to combat this problem. Aim: To understand the pattern of non-retroviral STDs in patients attending Dermatology department in a tertiary care hospital in North east India. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam. A total of 248 cases were studied between July 2019 to June 2020, with detailed clinical history and examination. The diagnosis was confirmed with relevant laboratory investigations. Treatment was provided as per NACO's guidelines. Result: Out of the total 248 patients, 135(54.43%) were male and 113(45.57%) were female. Majority of the patients were from urban background (84.7%) while the rest (15.3 %) were from rural area. Most of the cases were seen in 21-30 years age group accounting for 116 cases (46.77%). Only 80.65 % patients regularly used barrier contraception. A total of 50 males (20%) confessed to having had contact with sex workers. Maximum number of cases were herpes genitalis (39.92%), followed by gonococcal urethritis (24.39%) and syphilis (8.98%). Conclusion:A comprehensive understanding of the various STDs and their aetiology and presentation is essential to avoid their much preventable long-term sequelae. Focussed counselling sessions, education drives, contact tracing and prompt management of the partners are also integral parts of treatment.

The most frequent calamity in the world, flooding has killed around 53,000 people in just the previous ten years. Prior to 2011, flooding was the most frequent type of disaster on the planet, accounting for about half of all natural disaster victims and nearly US $185 trillion in economic losses. Flood dermatoses can be divided into four categories: (i) Inflammatory skin diseases (such as irritant contact dermatitis); (ii) Fungal and bacterial infections; (iii) Traumatic skin diseases; and (iv) Other miscellaneous skin diseases (such as an allergic reaction to an insect bite and psycho-emotionally aggravating primary skin diseases). Here we review and summarise a number of articles on flood related skin diseases in an effort to improve knowledge and recognition of these conditions for both dermatologists and general practitioners in order to provide the best and most appropriate management of these particular skin diseases in emergency situations.

Background: Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects 10 to 35% of women. Studies indicate LNG-IUS which releases controlled amounts of levonorgestrel (LNG) is effective in non- surgical treatment for HMB and has fewer side effects when compared to the conventional pharmacological agents. It also improves the quality of life. Levonorgesterel releasing intra uterine system can be an alternative to hysterectomy in the control of HMB.Methods: Retrospective study of 2 years in a tertiary care centre, Kochi. 170 women with abnormal uterine bleeding were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination, routine investigations and imaging was done.  Endometrial sampling done and followed with HPE reports in indicated cases.Results: Mean age was 41 years. 30.6% had menorrhagia. Adenomyosis in 44% and endometrial hyperplasia in 19. 4%. Lost follow up in 12.9% cases and expulsion in 3.6%. 4.1% were unsatisfied and had hysterectomy. The uterine width in adenomyosis was significantly reduced p <0.012. The mean ET in endometrial hyperplasia cases also significantly reduced with p <0.01. Satisfaction rate was 97%.Conclusions: LNG-IUS is having a high success rate in controlling menstrual symptoms, thereby improving the quality of life and avoiding hysterectomy in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. It is highly efficient in symptomatic relief of adenomyosis and reduction in the uterine volume (width). Endometrial hyperplasia showed complete regression with LNG-IUS.

Background: Obstetric anal sphincter injury involves injury to the anal sphincter and rectal mucosa sustained at time of vaginal delivery and can result in significant long-term morbidity. These injuries have been defined as 3rd and 4th degree lacerations that involve disruption of the anal sphincter and rectal mucosa respectively. Objectives of this study were to find out the incidence of obstetrical anal sphincter injuries, to identify the risk factors for of OASIS and the outcome of primary repair in terms of anal incontinence and its associated complications.Methods: We did a descriptive study of OASIS by retrospective analysis of the labour case records. The study period was 1 year between August 2016 to July 2017. Inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancy, vertex presentation, instrumental and normal vaginal delivery. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, non-vertex presentation and caesarean section. Proforma was developed to capture the age, parity, gestational age in weeks, induction of labour, epidural analgesia, delivery duration, type of episiotomy, instrumentation, shoulder dystocia, occipito posterior position,manual support, weight of the baby, suturing method. Postnatal evaluation after 6 weeks and 6 months for perineal discomfort, pain, incontinence, wound infection, breakdown, fistula were noted. Results: The incidence of OASIS was 1.4%. 81.8% women had 3rd degree perineal and 18.1% had 4th degree perineal tear. The mean age of the patients were 27.9 years, gestational age of 39.45 weeks, 72.7% were primiparous. Induction of labour with prostaglandins was done in 36.36% and Pitocin augmentation for 81.81%. The duration of second 36.36% had 60-89 min and 27.27% had duration more than 90 min. 54.54% had epidural analgesia, 36.36% had shoulder dystocia, 36.36% had instrumental delivery. 72.72% babies had birth weight between 3-3.5 kg, 9% between 3.5-4 kg. Ano vaginal fistula developed in 9%.Conclusions: Appropriate training, anticipating and identifying major degrees of perineal tear helps in reducing the complications. Anovaginal fistula is distressing and disabling the patient and to her near ones.