Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells of the kidney filtration barrier. They are subjected to physiological filtration pressure and considerable mechanical strain, which can be further increased in various kidney diseases. When injury causes cytoskeletal reorganization and morphological alterations of these cells, the filtration barrier may become compromised and allow proteins to leak into the urine (a condition called proteinuria). Using time-resolved proteomics, we showed that podocyte injury stimulated the activity of the transcriptional coactivator YAP and the expression of YAP target genes in a rat model of glomerular disease before the development of proteinuria. Although the activities of YAP and its ortholog TAZ are activated by mechanical stress in most cell types, injury reduced YAP and TAZ activity in cultured human and mouse podocyte cell lines grown on stiff substrates. Culturing these cells on soft matrix or inhibiting stress fiber formation recapitulated the damage-induced YAP up-regulation observed in vivo, indicating a mechanotransduction-dependent mechanism of YAP activation in podocytes. YAP overexpression in cultured podocytes increased the abundance of extracellular matrix-related proteins that can contribute to fibrosis. YAP activity was increased in mouse models of diabetic nephropathy, and the YAP target was highly expressed in renal biopsies from glomerular disease patients. Although overexpression of human YAP in mice induced mild proteinuria, pharmacological inhibition of the interaction between YAP and its partner TEAD in rats ameliorated glomerular disease and reduced damage-induced mechanosignaling in the glomeruli. Thus, perturbation of YAP-dependent mechanosignaling is a potential therapeutic target for treating some glomerular diseases.
Regulated intracellular proteostasis, controlled in part by proteolysis, is essential in maintaining the integrity of podocytes and the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidney. We applied a novel proteomics technology that enables proteome-wide identification, mapping, and quantification of protein N-termini to comprehensively characterize cleaved podocyte proteins in the glomerulus We found evidence that defined proteolytic cleavage results in various proteoforms of important podocyte proteins, including those of podocin, nephrin, neph1,-actinin-4, and vimentin. Quantitative mapping of N-termini demonstrated perturbation of protease action during podocyte injury , including diminished proteolysis of-actinin-4. Differentially regulated protease substrates comprised cytoskeletal proteins as well as intermediate filaments. Determination of preferential protease motifs during podocyte damage indicated activation of caspase proteases and inhibition of arginine-specific proteases. Several proteolytic processes were clearly site-specific, were conserved across species, and could be confirmed by differential migration behavior of protein fragments in gel electrophoresis. Some of the proteolytic changes discovered also occurred in two models of podocyte damage (WT1 heterozygous knockout mice and puromycin aminonucleoside-treated rats). Thus, we provide direct and systems-level evidence that the slit diaphragm and podocyte cytoskeleton are regulated targets of proteolytic modification, which is altered upon podocyte damage.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die lokalisierte Sklerodermie ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung aus der Gruppe der Kollagenosen, welche sich kutan und extrakutan manifestieren kann. Die extrakutanen Manifestationen können eine signifikante Morbidität haben, werden aber in bisherigen Scoresystemen nicht berücksichtigt. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein weiteres Scoringsystem, der „Total Morbidity Score“ (TMS), entwickelt. Dieser berücksichtigt auch die extrakutanen Symptome. Methodik Im Rahmen der retrospektiven monozentrischen Studie am Hamburger Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie wurde der Total Morbidity Score bei Patienten von 2004 bis 2019, welche an lokalisierter Sklerodermie erkrankt sind, angewandt, die mindestens eine Kontrollvorstellung hatten. Zudem wurden die Daten nach den bisherigen etablierten Scoresystemen Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT) ausgewertet, um eine bessere Vergleichbarkeit zum TMS zu gewährleisten. Im Weiteren wurden die Scorewerte im Verlauf unter der Therapie mit Methotrexat betrachtet und verglichen. Ergebnisse Aufgrund fehlender Kontrollvorstellungen konnten von den 95 Patienten mit gesicherter Diagnose Daten von 51 Patienten in die retrospektive Auswertung einfließen. Die Behandlung dieser Patienten wurde über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren betrachtet, von der Erstvorstellung über mindestsens 3 weitere Kontrollvorstellungen. Der TMS Gesamtscore blieb weitestgehend konstant. Es zeigt sich ein schwacher Zusammenhang zwischen TMS-Gesamtscore und Localized Scleroderma Skin Damage Index (mLoSDI), welcher den Grad der Schädigung anzeigt. Zudem konnten unwesentliche Veränderungen des TMS-Gesamtscores über die Zeit unter MTX-Therapie gezeigt werden (T1/T4: −0,007). Diskussion Die Auswertung hat gezeigt, dass sich der TMS-Gesamtscore hauptsächlich aus den extrakutanen Manifestationen speist, was die Ungenauigkeit der bisherigen Scores aufzeigt. Ein weiterer Vorteil des TMS ist, dass verschiedene Punktwerte vergeben werden, je nachdem, ob das Merkmal neu auftritt, persistiert, sich verbessert oder gar verschlechtert. Der TMS ist zeitintensiver zu erheben, aber lässt eine genauere Beurteilung der Krankheitsaktivität zu.
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