Interventions need to address pedestrian and cyclist safety, perceptions of risk, and parental norms regarding children's independence.

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During the Second World War, a German economist, Marie Dessauer, later Marie Meinhardt, worked with the British welfare state scholar and policy analyst Richard Titmuss on pioneering studies of social factors and health. Titmuss is remembered today for his role in establishing social policy as an academic discipline, and for his internationally-renowned works on welfare, health and public policy. Meinhardt's career as an economist has been largely forgotten. This was an unusual alliance with far-reaching consequences, as Meinhardt later bequeathed a large sum of money to the London School of Economics, where Titmuss worked, to help fund social policy students and research. This article documents the story of the Titmuss-Meinhardt collaboration, locating it in the context of Titmuss's last and probably best-known work, The Gift Relationship, which analyses the function of altruistic giving in promoting healthy and democratic social relations.

This chapter moves on from the case study material for the four women presented in Chapter 8 and the quantitative findings relating to pregnancy ‘outcome’ discussed in Chapter 9 to attempt a synthesis of how all the women in the study regarded their participation in it. A critical focus of this part of the analysis is the notion of risk. The women who took part in the Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study were not only exposed to the ‘risk’ of taking part in research, they had been identified as ‘at risk’ in the narrowly biological sense of having already given birth to at least one baby weighing less than 2500 g. In using a quantifiable measure of risk derived from the medical domain, the study thus participated in a particular conceptualization of women and motherhood — one which prioritizes a set of meanings attached to motherhood by people other than mothers themselves.

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