In the present review, we focus on the phenomenon of chromothripsis, a new type of complex chromosomal rearrangements. We discuss the challenges of chromothripsis detection and its distinction from other chromoanagenesis events. Along with already known causes and mechanisms, we introduce aberrant epigenetic regulation as a possible pathway to chromothripsis. We address the issue of chromothripsis characteristics in cancers and benign tumours, as well as chromothripsis inheritance in cases of its occurrence in germ cells, zygotes and early embryos. Summarising the presented data on different phenotypic effect of chromothripsis, we assume that its consequences are most likely determined not by the chromosome shattering and reassembly themselves, but by the genome regions involved in the rearrangement.

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy that affects 5–8% of women after 20 weeks of gestation. It is usually diagnosed based on the de novo onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Preexisting hypertension in women developing PE, also known as superimposed PE on chronic hypertension (SPE), leads to elevated risk of maternal and fetal mortality. PE is associated with an altered microRNA (miRNA) expression pattern in the placenta, suggesting that miRNA deregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of PE. Whether and how the miRNA expression pattern is changed in the SPE placenta remains unclear. The present study analyzed the placental miRNA expression profile in pregnancies complicated by SPE. miRNA expression profiles in SPE and normal placentas were investigated using an Ion Torrent sequencing system. Sequencing data were processed using a comprehensive analysis pipeline for deep miRNA sequencing (CAP-miRSeq). A total of 22 miRNAs were identified to be deregulated in placentas from patients with SPE. They included 16 miRNAs previously known to be associated with PE and 6 novel miRNAs. Among the 6 novel miRNAs, 4 were upregulated (miR-518a, miR-527, miR-518e and miR-4532) and 2 downregulated (miR-98 and miR-135b) in SPE placentas compared with controls. The present results suggest that SPE is associated with specific alterations in the placental miRNA expression pattern, which differ from alterations detected in PE placentas, and therefore, provide novel targets for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying SPE pathogenesis.

We report the sequential changes in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) patterns in the genome of human preimplantation embryos during DNA methylation reprogramming. We have studied chromosome hydroxymethylation and methylation patterns in triploid zygotes and blastomeres of cleavage-stage embryos. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we have analyzed the localization of 5hmC and its co-distribution with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) on the QFH-banded metaphase chromosomes. In zygotes, 5hmC accumulates in both parental chromosome sets, but hydroxymethylation is more intensive in the poorly methylated paternal set. In the maternal set, chromosomes are highly methylated, but contain little 5hmC. Hydroxymethylation is highly region specific in both parental chromosome sets: hydroxymethylated loci correspond to R-bands, but not G-bands, and have well-defined borders, which coincide with the R/G-band boundaries. The centromeric regions and heterochromatin at 1q12, 9q12, 16q11.2, and Yq12 contain little 5mC and no 5hmC. We hypothesize that 5hmC may mark structural/functional genome 'units' corresponding to chromosome bands in the newly formed zygotic genome. In addition, we suggest that the hydroxymethylation of R-bands in zygotes can be treated as a new characteristic distinguishing them from G-bands. At cleavages, chromosomes with asymmetrical hydroxymethylation of sister chromatids appear. They decrease in number during cleavages, whereas totally non-hydroxymethylated chromosomes become numerous. Taken together, our findings suggest that, in the zygotic genome, 5hmC is distributed selectively and its pattern is determined by both parental origin of chromosomes and type of chromosome bands -R, G, or C. At cleavages, chromosome hydroxymethylation pattern is dynamically changed due to passive and non-selective overall loss of 5hmC, which coincides with that of 5mC.

The present study reports on the frequency and the spectrum of genetic variants causative of monogenic diabetes in russian children with non-type 1 diabetes mellitus. The present study included 60 unrelated russian children with non-type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosed before the age of 18 years. Genetic variants were screened using whole-exome sequencing (WeS) in a panel of 35 genes causative of maturity onset diabetes of the young (ModY) and transient or permanent neonatal diabetes. Verification of the WeS results was performed using Pcr-direct sequencing. a total of 38 genetic variants were identified in 33 out of 60 patients (55%). The majority of patients (27/33, 81.8%) had variants in ModY-related genes: GCK (n=19), HNF1A (n=2), PAX4 (n=1), ABCC8 (n=1), KCNJ11 (n=1), GCK+HNF1A (n=1), GCK+BLK (n=1) and GCK+BLK+WFS1 (n=1). a total of 6 patients (6/33, 18.2%) had variants in ModY-unrelated genes: GATA6 (n=1), WFS1 (n=3), EIF2AK3 (n=1) and SLC19A2 (n=1). a total of 15 out of 38 variants were novel, including GCK, HNF1A, BLK, WFS1, EIF2AK3 and SLC19A2. To summarize, the present study demonstrates a high frequency and a wide spectrum of genetic variants causative of monogenic diabetes in russian children with non-type 1 diabetes mellitus. The spectrum includes previously known and novel variants in ModY-related and unrelated genes, with multiple variants in a number of patients. The prevalence of GCK variants indicates that diagnostics of monogenic diabetes in russian children may begin with testing for ModY2. However, the remaining variants are present at low frequencies in 9 different genes, altogether amounting to ~50% of the cases and highlighting the efficiency of using WES in non-GCK-ModY cases.

IVF does not increase the risk of a pregnancy loss because of abnormal embryonic karyotype, nor does it increase the preponderance for any specific type of cytogenetic abnormality in both patients aged under and over 35 years. In young IVF-treated women early pregnancy loss is generally caused by non-cytogenetic factors. Identification of a cytogenetically normal spontaneous abortion is clinically significant and reinforces the importance of developing an appropriate diagnosis and treatment strategies for IVF patients in order to reduce the risk of euploid pregnancy loss.