Introduction of new uveitis entities, changes in the incidence of already known disease and increased availability of diagnostic testing have all altered the epidemiology of uveitis in recent years. Knowledge of regional patterns of disease is essential. A more detailed classification of uveitis with the establishment of uniform diagnostic criteria and prospective population based studies would certainly benefit epidemiologic research and clinical practice.

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Orbital cellulitis (OC) is an inflammatory process that involves the tissues located posterior to the orbital septum within the bony orbit, but the term generally is used to describe infectious inflammation. It manifests with erythema and edema of the eyelids, vision loss, fever, headache, proptosis, chemosis, and diplopia. OC usually originates from sinus infection, infection of the eyelids or face, and even hematogenous spread from distant locations. OC is an uncommon condition that can affect all age groups but is more frequent in the pediatric population. Morbidity and mortality associated with the condition have declined with advances in diagnostic and therapeutic options; however, OC can still lead to serious sight- and life-threatening complications in the modern antibiotics era. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment remain crucial. Antibiotic coverage, computed tomography imaging, and surgical intervention when needed have benefitted patients and changed the disease prognosis. We review the worldwide characteristics of OC, predisposing factors, current evaluation strategies, and management of the disease.

Purpose To compare longitudinal glaucoma progression detection using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field (VF). Design Validity assessment Method We analyzed subjects with more than 5 follow-up visits (every 6 months) in the multi-center Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to map the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC). OCT-based progression detection was defined as a significant negative trend for either NFL or GCC. VF progression was reached if either the event or trend analysis reached significance. Result The analysis included 417 glaucoma suspect/pre-perimetric glaucoma (GS/PPG) eyes and 377 perimetric glaucoma (PG) eyes. In the GS/PPG group, progression was detect in 38.9% of eyes by OCT, significantly more (P<0.001) than the detection rate of 18.7% by VF. In severity-stratified analysis of PG eyes, OCT had significantly higher detection rate in early PG (49.7% vs. 32.0%, p=0.02), but not significantly different in moderate and advanced PG. The rate of NFL thinning declined dramatically in advanced PG, but GCC thinning rate remained relatively steady and allowed good progression detection even in advanced disease. The rate of false positive progression detection in permutated series was over 10% for VF trend analysis in both GS/PPG and PG group, while under 7% for both GCC and NFL. Conclusion OCT is a more sensitive than VF for the detection of progression in early glaucoma. While the value of NFL declines in advanced glaucoma, GCC appears to be a useful progression detector from early to advanced stages.

The present results suggest a nonlinear pressure-volume relation in the living human eye characterized by an increase in rigidity at higher IOP levels. The increased OPA and decreased pulse volume relate to the decreased POBF and the increased mechanical resistance of the ocular wall at high IOP levels.