Play is the primary occupation of childhood and provides a potentially powerful means of assessing and treating children with autistic disorder. This study utilized a cross-sectional comparison design to investigate the nature of play engagement in children with AD (n = 24), relative to typically developing children (n = 34) matched for chronological age. Play behaviours were recorded in a clinical play environment. Videotapes comprising 15 minutes of the children's spontaneous play behaviour were analysed using time-interval analysis. The particular play behaviours observed and play objects used were coded. Differences in play behaviours (p < 0.0001) and play object preferences (p < 0.0001) were identified between the groups. Findings regarding play behaviour contribute to contention in the literature surrounding functional and symbolic play. Explanations for play object preferences are postulated. Recommendations are made regarding clinical application of findings in terms of enhancing assessment and intervention by augmenting motivation.

Ultrasound techniques have been developed since the past century and are becoming more useful in different areas of medical knowledge. More recently, lung ultrasound gained importance throughout artefacts analysis to help clinical evaluation at bedside and became subject of interest in the paediatric intensive care and emergency department settings for both procedural and diagnostic purposes. The normal pattern of lung ultrasound is defined by the presence of lung sliding associated with A-lines whereas B-lines may be representative of pathologic findings. This review focuses on some of the most common pulmonary conditions, their respective sonographic features and clinical implications in the emergency department and paediatric intensive care unit.

Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease increases morbidity and mortality in pregnancy, being more prone to complications. Because it confers a risk to the fetus, this group of patients should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary unit, including nephrologists, rheumatologists, and obstetricians. Our study's objective is to describe the clinical/analytical characteristics of patients with kidney disease (KD), assessed in a multidisciplinary consultation, to inform them of the risks and to be able to prepare them to reach pregnancy optimally. At the same time, detect patients with increased risk of complications and perform close follow-ups during pregnancy and postpartum. Method Demographic, clinical, analytical, and obstetric variables were collected in a retrospective study that included women with kidney disease (inflammatory/autoimmune) between May 2020 to March 2022. In our hospital, the hereditary kidney disease unit offers reproductive advice to its patients, which was not considered in this study. Results A total of 24 patients with a median age of 35 years (18-39) were evaluated, classifying them into two independent groups: 1-pre-pregnancy (N=12) and 2-during pregnancy (N=12) and postpartum (N=10). All patients from group 1 have kidney disease (100%). Lupus nephropathy (LN) was the most frequent (64%), followed by minimal change disease (17%) and IgA nephropathy (9%). Maternal-fetal risks were evaluated according to clinical and analytical parameters (age, blood pressure, renal function, proteinuria, and disease activity, among others). 17% of patients had a history of high blood pressure. Treatment modification was made in 25%. Renal biopsy was performed in 4/7 LN patients, and pregnancy was not recommended for one of them (class III LN). In group 2, 14% of the patients presented onset KD (one patient presented de novo nephrotic syndrome and another one, an atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in the immediate postpartum), the rest of them had previous KD: IgA Nephropathy (25%), and minimal change disease (17%), were the most frequent. 8% of the patients had a history of high blood pressure, 25% of them received ACE/ARBs that were discontinued. There were no cases of preeclampsia/eclampsia. The average gestation time was 38.5 weeks, 6.7% &lt;37 weeks, and none &lt;34 weeks. All newborns weigh greater than 2.5 Kg (mean birth weight 3.42 Kg). There were three inductions (two due to diabetes and one due to an altered topographic record). One peri-gestational complication (premature rupture of membranes) and one perinatal complication (respiratory distress) were observed. No other recorded/evidenced complications. Conclusion The gestational counselling and monitoring during pregnancy provide adequate support for patients with KD, being able to carry out a "guided" pregnancy with fewer complications. The strategies of our unit include modification of pre-conception treatment, activity control of underlying pathologies, and monitoring of kidney disease during pregnancy to reduce the risk of miscarriages, premature births, and low birth weight, among other complications.