In recent years, bladder cancer (BC) has been reported as one of the most commonly occurring cancers among older people, and its detection is still difficult. Therefore, there is a need to search for additional useful markers of disease. Some studies indicate the important roles of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in bladder tumour pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of selected markers of OS, inflammation and angiogenesis in blood plasma/serum samples derived from patients with BC, and a healthy control group. Moreover the degrees of change and strength of correlation between values of the analysed markers and tumour stage or grade were estimated. Concentrations of: malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total antioxidant status (TAS) divided into slow (TAS-s) and fast (TAS-f) antioxidants (spectrophotometric measurement), angiogenin (ANG) (immunoenzymatic method) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (immunoturbidimetric method) were determined in both the studied groups. The majority of values of the examined parameters were significantly higher among patients, while subfractions of TAS were significantly lower in comparison to the control group. Moreover, different values and different strengths of correlation between the examined parameters and cancer stage or grade were noticed. The most significant changes for CRP were observed in T2 and for MDA in G3, while the lowest TAS-f activity was revealed in G1 patients. Increased values of OS parameters, angiogenesis and inflammation markers, in combination with reduced TAS subfractions activity in BC are important in its pathogenesis and will be helpful in estimation of patients' condition.

Background The interaction of environmental factors with genetic susceptibility and detoxification level seems to be an important causative factor in bladder cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to look for a BC marker panel which reflects the environmental risk. The nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), bladder cancer-4 (BLCA-4), and total level proteins NMP22 and BLCA-4 (NMBL) in BC patients with genetic predisposition NAT2 (classified as slow acetylators, SA), DNA damage (8-OHdG), and detoxification by isoenzyme GSTπ activity were measured. Materials and Methods The urine and blood from 91 BC patients and controls were examined, also according to tumor stage (T) and grade (G). The participants completed a questionnaire in order to evaluate environmental risk. Results Most patients (75.3%) were previous or actual smokers. The levels of 8-OHdG, NMP22, BLCA-4, NMBL, and GSTπ were significantly higher in BC (p ≤ 0.001). The majority of patients (59.3%) were slow acetylators (SA). The highest BLCA-4/8-OHdG correlation was observed in total BC and SA smokers. Conclusions The total pool of nuclear matrix proteins in the urine (NMBL) has a higher diagnostic value in bladder cancer than single proteins. The particular value of BLCA-4 and GSTπ in the aspect of environmental risk was noted.

W każdym roku notuje się wzrastającą liczbę przypadków raka pęcherza moczowego (UBC). Analiza globalna z 2009 roku wykazała 2,7 mln zdiagnozowanych pacjentów. Ze względu na rosnące wskaźniki zachorowań oraz wysokie koszty leczenia bardzo ważne wydaje się być zidentyfikowanie czynników ryzyka rozwoju UBC oraz zastosowanie procedur prewencyjnych wśród osób narażonych. Do czynników środowiskowych mających najsilniejszy oraz udowodniony wpływ na rozwój UBC należą: palenie tytoniu, aminy aromatyczne, wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne, nitrozoaminy, związki arsenu i kadmu oraz niektóre leki. Badania eksperymentalne wskazują na kancerogenne działanie niektórych pestycydów z grupy karbaminianów oraz pochodnych chloroorganiczych w obrębie nabłonka urotelialnego. Ważną rolę przypisuje się także procesom zapalnym, towarzyszącym zakażeniom Schistosoma haematobium, ekspozycji na promieniowanie jonizujące oraz terapię immunosupresyjną. Natomiast w odniesieniu do palenia biernego, produktów chlorowania wody, ekspozycji na chlorowcowęglowodory, azotyny oraz azotany konieczne są dalsze badania w celu jednoznacznego określenia ich roli w rozwoju UBC. W raku pęcherza związek między ekspozycją środowiskową a zapadalnością jest wyraźniejszy niż w innych nowotworach. Najważniejszym czynnikiem sprawczym wydają się być interakcje czynników środowiskowych z genetyczną wrażliwością. Wskazują na to m.in. badania genotypu GST, NAT oraz innych enzymów detoksykacyjnych. Predyspozycje genetyczne odgrywają zatem ważną rolę i strategia prewencji powinna uwzględnić także wyłonienie grup wrażliwych. W pracy przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy dotyczący wpływu środowiskowych czynników chemicznych na rozwój raka pęcherza moczowego. The influence of environmental risk factors on the development of bladder cancer Every year the number of bladder cancer (UBC) cases is increasing. Global Analysis in 2009 registered 2.7 million diagnosed patients. Due to rising rates of morbidity and high costs of treatment, it is very important to identify risk factors for UBC and prevent at risk persons from further exposure. Environmental factors that have the proven strongest impact on the development of UBC include: smoking, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, arsenic and cadmium. Experimental studies indicate carcinogenic effects of some urea-derived pesticides and organochloride pesticides on the uroepithelium. An important role is also played by inflammation, Schistosoma haematobium infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and immunosuppressive therapy. However, when exposure to secondhand smoking is considered, water disinfection byproducts, halogenated hydrocarbons, nitrites and nitrates, further studies are needed in order to clarify their role in the development of UBC. The relationship between environmental exposure and the morbidity rate is more pronounced in bladder cancer than in other cancers. Interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility seems to be the most important risk factor. This was pr...