Background Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involves abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells (LC), which is typically driven by the BRAF V600E mutation. High-risk LCH has a poor prognosis. Procedure Fifteen children (5 girls, 10 boys) with BRAF V600E+ LCH received vemurafenib (initial dose median 40 mg/kg/day, range: 11–51.6 mg/kg/day) between March 2016 and February 2020. All patients had previous received LCH-directed chemotherapy. The median age at LCH onset was 2 months (range: 1–28 months) and the median age at the start of vemurafenib treatment was 22 months (range: 13–62 months). The median disease activity score (DAS) at the start of vemurafenib treatment was 12 points (range: 2–22 points). Results The median duration of vemurafenib therapy was 29 months (range: 2.4–45 months). All patients responded to treatment, with median DAS values of 4 points (range: 0–14 points) at week 4 and 1 point (range: 0–3 points) at week 26. Toxicities included skin/hair changes (93%) and non-significant QT prolongation (73%). Two patients died, including 1 patient who experienced hepatic failure after NSAID overdose and 1 patient who developed neutropenic sepsis. Electively stopping vemurafenib treatment resulted in relapse in 5 patients, and complete cessation was only possible for 1 patient. Digital droplet PCR for BRAF V600E using cell-free circulating DNA revealed that 7 patients had mutation statuses that fluctuated over time. Conclusion Our study confirms that vemurafenib treatment is safe and effective for young children with BRAF V600E+ multisystem LCH. However, treatment using vemurafenib does not completely eliminate the disease.
Infants of the first year of life represent a unique group of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Materials and methods of the research: the characteristics of 492 patients with newly diagnosed AML aged 10 DoL-18 y/o who received intensive chemotherapy according to the AML-MM-2006 and AML-MRD-2018 guidelines in Apr. 2007-Apr. 2021 were analyzed. The analysis was carried out separately for infants (<1 y/o, 58/12%), young children (1-3 y/o, 99/20%) and children aged 3-18 y/o (335/68%). Results: the infant group was characterized by a higher incidence of hyperleukocytosis, extramedullary lesions, the predominance of monoblast/monocytic (63%) and megakaryoblast (24%) subvariants and chromosomal aberrations involving the 11q23 locus (KMT2A gene) (53%). “CBF leukemias” were virtually non-existent in infants (0% for t(8;21)(q22;q22.1)/RUNX1::RUNX1T1 and 2% for inv(16)(p13.1q22)/CBF::MYH11) and the rates increased with age. Activating mutations in the FLT3 gene were extremely rare (2% vs. 13.5% in patients >/=3 y/o). Patients of the 1-3 y/o group were similar in morphological and cytogenetic characteristics to the infants’ group but had a smaller tumor mass and higher survival rates. The 5-year overall survival of infants was statistically significantly lower than in older patients, 52% vs. 67% (p<0.001), primarily due to high mortality prior to remission, which in its turn was caused by complications associated with hyperleukocytosis. Conclusions: given the vulnerability of this category of patients, it is reasonable to transfer them to larger medical facilities with extensive experience in the field in order to conduct the remission induction stage (especially cytoreduction) within the intensive care unit.
ВВЕДЕНИЕПо данным ВОЗ, рак молочной железы, наиболее ча-сто встречающееся онкологическое заболевание среди женщин во всем мире, ежегодно уносит жизни более чем 500 тыс. человек. В 60-70% случаев рак молочной железы является гормонозависимым. Эстрогены усиливают проли-ферацию клеток опухоли молочной железы, поэтому осно-вой терапии является эндокринная терапия тамоксифеном или ингибиторами ароматазы [1,2]. Тамоксифен, селектив-ный модулятор эстрогеновых рецепторов (ER), связывается с ЕR и блокирует регулируемую ER транскрипцию генов, следовательно, подавляет рост опухоли [3]. Тамоксифен является препаратом выбора для пациенток в пременопау-зе с эстрогенпозитивным раком молочной железы, а также применяется для лечения женщин в постменопаузе нарав-не с ингибиторами ароматазы [2,4]. Известно, что 5-летняя адъювантная терапия тамоксифеном уменьшает риск ре-цидива болезни на 39% [1]. Также тамоксифен показал свою эффективность и у пациенток с метастатической болезнью: наблюдалось уменьшение размеров опухолевых очагов и увеличение продолжительности жизни [5]. Однако, по некоторым данным, у примерно 50% пациенток не наблю-дается объективного ответа на терапию тамоксифеном, а у 30% наблюдается рецидив заболевания [2,5].Существует большое число факторов, которые могут влиять на эффективность тамоксифена, однако одним из основных являются генетические полиморфизмы фермен-тов, участвующих в метаболизме тамоксифена [6,7]. Тамок-сифен -это пролекарство, и его биоактивация происходит под действием ферментов семейства цитохрома Р450, ре-зультатом которой является образование метаболитов, об-ладающих различной активностью и аффинитетом к ER [8,9,10,12]. В этом систематическом обзоре мы анализируем информацию, которая имеется на данный момент о влия-нии активности CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5 и CYP2B6 на метаболизм, результаты лечения и побочные эффекты тамоксифена. Тамоксифен, селективный модулятор эстрогеновых рецепторов (ER), в настоящее время применяется для лечения ER(+) рака молочной железы, снижая риск прогрессирования и рецидива болезни. Однако наблюдаются значительные различия в индивидуальном ответе на лечение, что заставляет искать способы и средства персонализированного подбора терапии этим препаратом. Тамоксифен метаболизируется ферментами системы цитохрома Р450. В результате образуются два наи-более активных метаболита тамоксифена: эндоксифен и 4-гидрокси-тамоксифен, от концентрации которых во многом за-висит эффективность лечения. Полиморфизмы генов, кодирующих ферменты метаболизма тамоксифена, могут непосред-ственно оказывать влияние на фармакокинетику и фармакодинамику этого препарата, а поэтому фармакогенетический подход способен стать основой для персонализированной терапии рака молочной железы. В этом систематическом об-зоре мы проанализируем информацию, которая имеется на данный момент о потенциале определения CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, CYP2B6 для прогнозирования индивидуального ответа на лечение тамоксифеном.КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: тамоксифен; CYP2D6; CYP3A4/5; CYP2B6; рак молочной железы; фармакогеномика; фармакогенетика Tamoxifen is t...
Background. Extramedullary infiltration (EI) is relatively common in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (up to 20-25 %). However, its clinical and prognostic significance remains poorly understood.Objective: to describe clinical features and to define prognostic significance of EI in children with AML.Materials and methods. The subjects of retrospective observational study were 228 children with de novo AML. The median age was 6.6 years. All of them were treated according to the protocol AML-MM-2006 from April 2007 to June 2018.All patients with EI were divided into three cohorts according to the localization of the lesions: 1) central nervous system (CNS) involvement (CNS group), 2) other localizations apart from CNS (myelosarcomas (MS) group), 3) combined lesions (CNS + MS group).Results. EI was diagnosed in 84 patients (36.84 %) with de novo AML. Among them 47 (55.95 %) had CNS involvement, 20 (23.81 %) had MS, 15 (17.86 %) had both CNS involvement and MS. 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was slightly higher in patients with CNS involvement than in children without EI - 80 ± 12 % vs 71 ± 9 %, p = 0.26, however OS in patients with MS was significantly lower - 45 ± 16 % vs 71 ± 9 %, p <0.001. In addition, OS in high-risk patients according to the protocol AML-MM-2006 who underwent allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) without EI and with MS (± CNS involvement) was similar to OS in main groups - 81 ± 11 % and 42 ± 26 % respectively, p = 0.004. 5-year event-free survival in patients with MS was also lower than in children without EI - 38 ± 16 % vs 51 ± 8 %, p = 0.011.Conclusion. Patients with MS had worse 5-year OS and EFS than children without EI according to our study. Moreover allogenic HSCT conducted in first clinical remission did not improve the survival rate. Neuroleukemia as the only EI was not an unfavorable prognostic factor in our cohort of AML patients and was more often associated with inv(16).
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