The subject of the article is the analysis of the reasons for changing the order of execution of the penalties and measures, regulated in art. 80 of the Executive Penal Code. This topi cis very rarely discussed in the literaturę, despite the fact that convicts, for the reasons indicated in the text, very often want to change the order of execution of the penalties. Despite the multitude of applications sentenced to apply art. 80 of the Executive Penal Code and the high degree of generality of the premises included in this provision, there is a lack of judicature and extensive studies on this subject. Amandment of the Penal Code of June 2020, modifying the premises of art. 85 et seq. of the Cryminal Code, will make this problem even more significant, as the tightening of the requirements of a combined sentence will increase the numer of basic penalties requiring implementation in the prison.

Summary The article explores the problem of significance the termination of pregnancy in the context of criminal responsibility. In the first step, the legal analysis is focused on establishing the change of legal status connected with abortion and all the consequences for criminal responsibility. The second section refers to the current act, trying to find the answer how to recognized the termination of pregnancy. The third part refers to legal situation in Czech Republic at this area. Finally, some reflections on the criminal liability for the place of the offence have been presented. The possibility of conviction for abortion in a country where it is legal should be examined..

Jednym z podstawowych środków przeciwdziałania rozprzestrzenianiu się wielu chorób zakaźnych jest zachowanie dystansu wobec innych osób. Nie jest więc przypadkiem, że w dobie pandemii COVID-19 polski ustawodawca sięgnął po takie rozwiązania, jak: izolacja domowa chorych, kwarantanna osób mających kontakt z zarażonymi, ograniczenia w działalności instytucji skupiających wiele osób. Po podobne metody sięgano w innych krajach. Jednym z dramatyczniejszych skutków ubocznych zakazu opuszczania mieszkania jest narażenie osób odizolowanych na przemoc ze strony domowników. Równoczesne wstrzymanie aktywności instytucji pomocowych sprawia, że ofierze dużo trudniej uzyskać wsparcie. Tekst podejmuje problem prawnych i faktycznych środków przeciwdziałania przemocy domowej w warunkach separacji. Autorki poddają analizie polskie regulacje prawne – zarówno te wprowadzone na potrzeby przeciwdziałania przemocy w rodzinie, jak i te szczególne, związane ze zwalczaniem wirusa. Poszukują odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie środki okazują się skuteczne w walce z przemocą domową w ekstremalnym czasie pandemii. Dostrzegają jednak, że doświadczenia tego okresu mogą podnieść poziom ochrony ofiar przemocy w każdym czasie.

The principle of subsidiarity of criminal law requires the location of the norms which regulate specific social relations beyond the branch of law which was adduced. On the one hand, it enables the realisation of the postulate, peculiar to the system of repressive law, to place the rules of conduct and the norms which regulate specific relations beyond criminal law. On the one hand, the intervention with criminalisation into relations regulated by other branches of law should enforce a significant synchronisation of the regulations of criminal law with the norms which are peculiar to a given branch of law. A legal system which features co-relations should represent consistency. As a result, the criminalisation of behaviour regulated by other branches of law deepens the connotations between them. The enracinement of legal regulations into an increasing number of new areas is the source of doubts associated with the lack of consistency between the particular regulations or, in the case of a strong drive of the criminal law to inscribe itself into legal norms which regulate a given sphere of life, to the negation of the capability of the criminal law to acquire functions which are set to this branch of law. On the basis of selected examples, the article attempts to reflect upon the legislator’s maintenance of the balance between these values.

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