In national stroke programs of former Eastern Block countries, primary prevention should focus especially on male populations of less wealthy regions.
the shortest subspan length keeping in mind that this approach also delivers-based on IEC865-whether contact or not takes place.Concerning the tensile force in the spacer after short-circuit, the level of this force has been observed to be much lower than the maximum compression during short-circuit. We never observed more than 50%, which is the value recommended by IEC for equivalent mechanical testing. That reduction factor of two, is due to the fact, that the maximum pinch is related to the impulse given by the contact and there is a factor of two of increase in the mean tension during short-circuit and the first overshot, after clashing. Sometimes it is even more than two because the electromagnetic force is not constant and it still increases in the remaining free length, because of the coming together of the subconductors and the asymmetrical short-circuit current effect. That overshot is absent during the relaxation and only the mean value can be found back in opposite direction (tensile instead of compression) after short-circuit, if no damping occurs (conservation of energy). Sometimes, rarely, some resonance occurred during short-circuit between the electromagnetic force frequencies and the frequency of oscillation of the remaining free length of the conductor. In such cases a strong 100 Hz component can be observed during the full short-circuit duration and after the short-circuit the tensile load may be higher than 50% of the first pinch. But we consider such a case as very seldom.Mr. Toth's long experience in short-circuit testing confirms the main content of our paper, i.e., that the Manuzio formula is not valid for strong compression. We may remind, that in our test case, the measured compression in the pacer reached more than 16 kN (12 kN when evaluated using Manuzio), which could cause serious design problems, if not adequately considered.Concerning triple and quad bundle, the authors are convinced, that their approach is still valid. Validation tests as well as finite element simulation were used to obtain triple and quad bundle spacer compression values for comparison purposes, which have shown satisfactory results.Concerning the question of Mr. Toth, whether a purely mechanical equivalent static test (in a lab) could replace a full scale short-circuit test, the authors would like to emphasize the following facts: -The only differences between a true short-circuit and an equivalent static test would be the dynamic effects on the spacer. -The spacer during short-circuit is compressed and the spacer frequencies, which could disturb its dynamic behavior (by inertial forces), are very high (compared to the acting 50 Hz and 100 Hz electromagnetic force) and thus of very limited effect, at least for typical twin rigid spacers. -Today's extended use of spacer dampers may change partially that former fact (because aeolian vibration, against which the spacer dampers are designed, are in the range of 10 to 100 Hz), but the short-circuit forces are so strong that the spacer damper is normally designed to ...
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