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2 The term "biblical" is anachronistic since an authoritative (Hebrew or Christian) Bible did not exist when the manuscripts were written. Furthermore, some of the psalms scrolls dealt with in this article contain also both apocryphal and formerly unknown compositions. Thus, when the term "biblical" psalms is used, it is referring to psalms that are part of the (later) canonical Psalter. The identification of scrolls which contain both "biblical" and other compositions as "biblical psalms scrolls" is used to distinguish these scrolls from those manuscripts which contain only apocryphal psalms compositions.

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The article explores the relevance of material culture in Biblical studies, introduces the New or Material Philology and shows the theoretical and methodological founda-tions of material oriented Biblical studies. Material Philology focuses on materiality and the social environment. New Philology makes visible the persons and contexts behind the manuscripts and is interested in the reception and the readers. It perceives text production and text transmission as mutually influencing phenomena. Areas of application of these methods are textual criticism, literary criticism, editorial history, and metatexts. New Philology makes visible the persons and contexts behind the man-uscripts and is interested in the reception and the readers. It perceives text production and text transmission as mutually influencing phenomena. Areas of application of these methods are textual criticism, literary criticism, editorial history, and metatexts. Finally, the analysis of the reception processes inherent in the material is discussed and possible areas of application for teaching Biblical Studies are pointed out.