Loneliness in children and adolescents is explained as an emotionally obtrusive experience arising from sadness and anxiety coming out of quantitative or qualitative deficiencies in social relationships of the child. Loneliness which is expression of general well-being and gratification obtained from life of individual as a whole effect the life quality of a child. In this research a cross-sectional and correlational study out of quantitative research methods was designed and conceptual model constituted in the direction of aim of research was examined by structural equation modeling. According to result of study, loneliness predict life quality negatively. This situation is quite important because social workers, psychological counselors, teachers and administrators would determine students' feelings of loneliness and would develop and implement programs for these children to establish deeper and more stable relationships with their friends and families.

These findings could help identify those at risk of low quality of life due to caregiving, dysfunctional coping or lack of information about care. Early intervention, including education about alternative coping strategies and practical information, might allow caregivers better possibilities to continue caring with less negative effects on their lives.

The aim was to investigate dimensions of caregiving activities among elderly (75+) caregivers based on Nolan's model and to study the dimensions in relation to health-related quality of life (Short Form 12). Responses to a Swedish postal survey (n=4278, response rate 75-79 years old: 60%; 80-84: 56%; 85-89: 48% and 90+: 42%) showed that 783 persons (18%) were helping another person due to that person's impaired health, 41.6% women, mean age for women 81.8 years (SD 4.96) and for men 81.7 years (SD 4.32). The postal questionnaire included SF-12, demographic data and questions about caregiving activities derived from Nolan's model, social network and contacts with health care. Adapting their activities to be prepared if something happened (52%), having regular contact to prevent problems (35%), helping in contacts with the hospital (57%), helping with instrumental activities of daily living (49%), personal activities of daily living (14%), medical care (11%) and helping to improve functions (14%) were the activities reported. Adapting own activities, regular contact, weak economy and needing instrumental help with daily living oneself predicted low MCS12. The importance of early involvement on the part of the caregivers was emphasized.

Reinforcing the health-promoting qualities in caregivers who are not feeling well, with women as a particularly vulnerable group, may restrict unnecessary suffering for both the caregiver and the person cared for.

Patients experienced that a single-bed room allowed them to focus on their recovery, have visitors without disturbing others and create a feeling of homeliness. However, mobilisation is not a natural part of the recovery process when patients have all they need in their rooms. The patients' need for social interaction and confirmation was not satisfied without effort and planning on the part of staff.