Sustainability is becoming increasingly important for society, and the creation of business ventures is one area where sustainability is critical. We examined the factors affecting actions that are designed to foster business sustainability. These factors are related to the environment, behavior, human relations, and business activity. Based on questionnaire responses from experts, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank sustainable business criteria according to their importance for entrepreneurs starting sustainable businesses. The results indicate that the most important drivers of sustainable entrepreneurship are behavioral factors and business factors. Ethical principles and values, together with competitive intelligence, are crucial for undertaking actions that lead to sustainability.

The objective of this study is to test a longitudinal model that analyses the direct effect of negative emotions (anger, depression and anxiety, wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) in adolescents. And the indirect effect of negative emotions (wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) through regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Data was obtained from 417 adolescents in a two-wave longitudinal study (225 girls, M age = 14.70 years) from schools located in Valencia, Spain. SEM was employed to explore longitudinal models. The results showed that anger had a direct relationship with prosocial behaviour and aggression, measured two years later. However, the depression and anxiety states did not predict prosociality and aggressiveness. The mediation role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy between negative emotion and behaviours was only partially confirmed. Finally, only the perception of self-efficacy in expressing positive affect is related to prosociality and aggressiveness.Aggression and prosocial behaviour are indicators of interpersonal competence in adolescence (Belgrave, Nguyen, Johnson, & Hood, 2011). Both behaviours are related to positive and negative emotions and emotional states. In relation to positive emotionality, several studies have shown that positive emotions (like joy, gratitude, serenity and personal satisfaction) inhibit aggressive behaviour and promote prosocial behaviour (McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002;Richaud & Mesurado, 2016; Author, under review). With reference to negative emotions, empirical evidence shows that aggressiveness is related to anxiety (Salaam & Mounts, 2016), depression (Benarous, Hassler, Falissard, Consoli, & Cohen, 2015) and anger (DeWall, Anderson, & Bushman, 2012). On the other hand, prosocial behaviour relates in a negative way, to negative affective states like depression (Davis et al., 2016) and anger (Roberts, Strayer, & Denham, 2014). For example, a recent experimental study found that expressions of disappointment increase compliance with requests for help, whereas expressions of anger undermine compliance (Van Doorn, Van Kleef, & Van der Pligt, 2015).Adolescence is a stage of high emotional vulnerability (Steinberg, 2005). Adolescents are able to move from love to hate, from acceptance to rejection, from pride to shame in their interpersonal relationships (Main, 2000). Therein, adjusted behaviour requires an effective regulation of emotions, and an effective regulation of emotions includes a control over positive and negative emotions. Emotional regulation makes social relationships easier and contributes to people's positive adjustment. Adolescents who are able to manage negative affect and to prolong the benefits of positive affect, have more personal resources that protect them from negative behaviours and promote positive behaviours (Caprara, Gerbino, Paciello, Di Giunta, & Pastorelli, 2010). Also, experience and expression of positive emotions are associated with rewarding social relationships and health (Gunzenhauser et a...

Background: Although prior research shows supportive evidence that parental practices are associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors, limited evidence exists on the effects of parents' use of social and material rewards on distinct forms of prosocial behaviors, and the mediating effects of sociocognitive and socioemotive traits in these relations. Aims: The present study was designed to examine the longitudinal relations among parents' use of social and material rewards, youth prosocial traits, and prosocial behaviors.Materials & Methods: Participants were 417 adolescents (M age = 14.70 years; 225 girls) from Valencia, Spain who completed surveys on parents' use of social and material reward practices, prosocial moral reasoning, empathic concern, and six types of prosocial behaviors. Results: Path analyses showed that parents' use of social rewards was indirectly, positively related to emotional, dire, altruistic, public (negatively), and compliant prosocial behaviors via empathic concern. The use of social rewards was also indirectly positively linked to altruistic prosocial behaviors via both empathic concern and prosocial moral reasoning. In contrast, parents' use of material rewards predicted less prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn, was linked to more altruistic, prosocial behaviors. Discussion and Conclusions: The implications for parental socialization and self-determination theories of prosocial and moral development are discussed. K E Y W O R D S adolescents, empathy, moral reasoning, parenting, prosocial behaviors | INTRODUCTIONMost parents desire their children to exhibit prosocial characteristics such as empathic concern (i.e., feelings of sorrow or concern for needy others), prosocial moral reasoning (i.e., express care-based norms and principles to reduce suffering and avoid harm in others), and prosocial behaviors (i.e., kind and generous actions intended to benefit others) (Carlo, 2014;Eisenberg et al., 2006). These characteristics form the basis for morality and cooperative families, communities, and societies, and are deemed to mitigate conflict and aggression. Moreover, there is growing evidence that youth who exhibit high levels of these characteristics are psychologically and behaviorally healthy, have better quality interpersonal relationships, and perform better academically (Carlo, 2014). Therefore, there is much value in understanding the socialization and personal mechanisms that predict prosocial characteristics in youth.Developmental scholars have devoted much attention to understand the influence of parents' socialization on children's prosocial development. There is evidence, for example, that caregiver-child attachment, parental support, parental monitoring, and parenting styles (i.e., interaction levels of parental warmth and demandingness) are generally predictive of

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