Shaded relief derived automatically from digital elevation models differs distinctly from traditional manual shading. Particularly at small scales, many small topographic details that are present in terrain models disturb the clear portrayal of the main relief features. Automatic shading is therefore not appropriate for high-quality cartographic products. This paper proposes a new method of generalizing digital elevation models for deriving small-scale shaded relief that resembles the manual style. The procedure consists of the following raster operations: undesirable topographic details are smoothed with low-pass filters, and the main landforms, such as ridgelines and valleys, are detected by curvature coefficients. Two secondary grids are derived, one exaggerating ridgelines, the other deepening valley bottoms, and the two grids are combined according to the character of the terrain; the grid with exaggerated ridgelines is used in mountainous areas, and the grid with deepened valley bottoms in lowland areas. Finally, shaded relief is derived from the combined elevation model. Following these processing steps, only a few manual corrections are necessary to produce high-quality small-scale relief shading. RésuméL'estompage automatique des modèles d'élévations numériques diffère grandement de l'estompage manuel traditionnel. Plus particulièrement, à petite échelle, de nombreux petits détails topographiques qui sont présents dans les modèles numériques de terrain empêchent la représentation claire des principales caractéristiques du relief. Par conséquent, l'estompage automatique n'est pas adéquat pour les produits cartographiques de haute qualité. Dans l'article, on propose une nouvelle méthode de généralisation des modèles d'élévations numériques pour obtenir des estompages à petite échelle qui ressemblent au style manuel. La procédure consiste à ajuster les détails topographiques indésirables à l'aide de filtres passe-bas et à détecter le relief principal, comme les crêtes et les vallées, avec des coefficients de courbure. Deux grilles secondaires sont dérivées : l'une exagère les lignes des crêtes, et l'autre accentue le fond des vallées. Puis on combine les deux grilles selon les caractéristiques du terrain. On utilise la grille avec les crêtes exagérées pour les régions montagneuses, et celle avec les vallées accentuées pour les plaines. Enfin, l'estompage est obtenu à partir du modèle d'élévation combiné. Après ces étapes de traitement, on apporte quelques corrections manuelles pour produire un estompage à petite échelle de grande qualité.Mots clés : estompage automatique, estompage manuel, modèles d'élévations numériques, généralisation, carte à petite échelle, estompage basé sur la courbure
Shaded relief derived from high-resolution terrain models often contains distracting terrain details that need to be removed for medium-and small-scale mapping. When standard raster filter operations are applied to digital terrain data, important ridge tops and valley edges are blurred, altering the characteristic shape of these features in the resulting shaded relief. This paper introduces Terrain Sculptor, a software application that prepares generalized terrain models for relief shading. The application uses a generalization methodology based on a succession of raster operations. Curvature coefficients detect and accentuate important relief features. Terrain Sculptor offers a graphical user interface to adjust the algorithm to various scales and terrain resolutions.
This paper describes a new method for hypsometric tinting for small-scale maps. The 9 method generalises digital elevation models by removing small unnecessary details and 10 accentuating major valleys and ridgelines. The elevation data are filtered with lower and upper 11 quartile filters that are combined using a drainage network. The lower quartile filter is applied in 12 valleys, delimited by the drainage network, the upper quartile filter is used elsewhere. The level of 13 generalisation is adjusted by simplifying the drainage network with an algorithm that removes the 14 shortest streams. The resulting hypsometric layers match the quality standards of manually 15 generalised reference layers and are appropriate for small-scale mapping. 16 17
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