CO holds promise as an effective and versatile angiographic contrast agent. It is also a valuable modality for the guidance of endovascular interventions. Current availability of easy to use, safe, and portable CO delivery systems will likely expand the use of that modality even beyond the traditional indications of renal insufficiency and iodinated contrast allergy.

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pressure gradient and volumetric stenosis degree is patient specific and dependent on the specific characteristics of the stenosis and the renal artery. Thus, the same degree of stenosis might be mild for one patient but severe for another patient.

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