Camouflage is driven by light perceived from the surrounding environment. During evolution, skin patterns and colours as well as behavioural responses were selected as strategies by prey and predators to avoid being detected (crypsis). Cryptic strategies that include masquerade, disruptive and distractive coloration, surface disruption, and countershading generally occur concomitantly with a degree of surface colour matching (Cuthill et al., 2017;Skelhorn & Rowe, 2016). This mimicking of background colour can be

Edited by Michael IbbaKeywords: Translation initiation 4E-BP1 eIF4E mRNA 5 0 cap Analytical ultracentrifugation Fluorescence a b s t r a c t Initiation is the rate-limiting step during mRNA 5 0 cap-dependent translation, and thus a target of a strict control in the eukaryotic cell. It is shown here by analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence spectroscopy that the affinity of the human translation inhibitor, eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), to the translation initiation factor 4E is significantly higher when eIF4E is bound to the cap. The 4E-BP1 binding stabilizes the active eIF4E conformation and, on the other hand, can facilitate dissociation of eIF4E from the cap. These findings reveal the particular allosteric effects forming a thermodynamic cycle for the cooperative regulation of the translation initiation inhibition. Structured summary of protein interactions:4E-BP1 and eIF4E bind by cosedimentation in solution (View interaction)

An efficient and scalable synthesis of pseudaminic acid precursor l-2,4-Alt-diNAc was developed from l-fucose. The desired l-altro configuration and N-acetamido substitutions ensued from a sequence of highly regio- and stereoselective transformations.