The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunctions, as well as their correlation with psychoemotional factors in Polish university students. The research was conducted in a group of 456 students (N = 456). The examination form comprised of two parts: survey and clinical examination. The research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) was used in order to assess TMD. Symptoms of TMD were observed in 246 (54%) students after clinical examination. The largest group involved students with disc displacement (women: 132, 29%; men: 70, 15%). Women (164; 36%) suffered more frequently than men (82; 18%) from problems related to the stomatognathic system (P < 0.05), described themselves as easily excitable and emotionally burdened, and reported symptoms as tightness of the facial and neck muscles (P < 0.05). In 289 (64%) students intraoral symptoms concerning occlusal parafunctions were observed. In 404 (89%) examined students, nonocclusal parafunctions were recorded. A significant correlation between TMD and psychoemotional problems could be detected. TMD symptoms more often concern women. Emotional burden and excitability are factors predisposing muscular disorders.

Objective To test whether the assessment of growth in very low birth weight infants during the hospital stay using z-score differences (Z diff ) is confounded by gestational age (GA), birth weight percentiles (BW%ile), and length of the observation period (LOP). We hypothesize that Z diff calculated from growth charts based on birth weight data introduces a systematic statistical error leading to falsely classified growth as restricted in infants growing similarly to the 50 th percentile. Methods This observational study included 6,926 VLBW infants from the German Neonatal Network (2009 to 2015). Inclusion criterion was discharge between 37 and 41 weeks postmenstrual age. For each infant, Z diff , weight gain velocity, and reference growth rate (50 th percentile Fenton) from birth to discharge were calculated. To account for gestational age dependent growth rates, assessment of growth was standardized calculating the weight gain ratio (WGR) = weight gain velocity/reference growth rate. The primary outcome is the variation of the Z diff -to-WGR relationship. Results Z diff and WGR showed a weak agreement with a Z diff of -0.74 (-1.03, -0.37) at the reference growth rate of the 50 th percentile (WGR = 1). A significant proportion (n = 1,585; 23%) of infants with negative Z diff had weight gain velocity above the 50 th percentile’s growth rate. Z diff to WGR relation was significantly affected by the interaction of GA x BW%ile x LOP. Conclusion This study supports the hypothesis that Z diff , which are calculated using birth weights, are confounded by skewed reference data and can lead to misinterpretation of growth rates. New concepts like individualized growth trajectories may have the potential to overcome this limitation.

An intumescent material has been developed, based on alkali silicates, which can be used in tire protection in the form of sheets or boards which can be joined to various materials, ranging from wood and wood products to metal. The swelling of the material on heating to over 100 "C or on contact with a flame is due to an endothermic process and is associated with the emission of water vapour. The solid foam formed is rigid and consists of hydrated silica. The phenomena observed during the preparation of the boards and their behaviour on heating can be explained in terms of silicate chemistry.

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) belongs to a group of rare congenital disorders connected with craniosynostosis and syndactyly. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature, to collect all reported symptoms and to describe the case of an 11-year-old female with SCS. The electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were searched to gain all symptoms of SCS described in the literature. The most common features of SCS described in the literature are synostosis of the coronal suture, syndactyly, facial asymmetry, low hairline, prominent ear crus, prominent nasal bridge, eyelid ptosis, and ocular hypertelorism. Less common symptoms include hearing loss, renal abnormalities and cardiac defects. Intraoral manifestations of SCS include maxillary hypoplasia, mandibular prognathism and high arched palate. Moreover, in some patients mental disability is observed, which may be connected with the size of the deletion in the Twist gene. There are no pathognomonic symptoms of SCS, which would indicate a diagnostic problem. Our patient displayed small dysmorphic changes within the skull and limbs and proper intellectual development. On the basis of an intraoral, extraoral examination and X-rays, she was diagnosed with relative mandibular prognathism. Currently, she is treated with a removable appliance. This report emphasizes a considerable variability of symptoms in SCS and highlights the most common features.

Maternal body height has a greater influence on BW than maternal ethnicity. The use of BW percentile charts for maternal height should be considered.