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A B S T R A C T . The article examines Scottish discussions surrounding the French revolutionary wars in the early and mid-s. It argues that these discussions were not built along the lines of the dispute that set Burke against the English radicals, because arguments about French 'cosmopolitan' love for mankind were largely irrelevant in the context of Smithian moral philosophy. The Scottish writers who observed French developments in the period (including the Edinburgh Moderates, James Mackintosh, John Millar, and Lord Lauderdale) were, however, particularly interested in what they interpreted as France's changing notion of patriotism, and built upon the heritage of Smithian moral philosophy in order to offer original and powerful commentaries of French national feeling and warfare. They identified the 'enthusiastic' nature of French national sentiment, and the replacement of traditional patriotism with a new form of relationship between the individual and the nation, as the most significant and dangerous element to come out of the French Revolution.This article aims to uncover various strands of Scottish political thought concerning the evolution of warfare and national feelings during the French revolutionary wars (-).The impact of the French Revolution on British political thought has long formed an object of study for scholars, with much of the interest focusing on the dispute that set Edmund Burke against the Whig and radical defenders of the Revolution. The events in France after , it is argued, lent added weight to Burke's devastating critique of the French philosophes, and largely discredited both the languages of republicanism and natural rights in Britain.  This article, however, approaches the question of the British reception of the French Revolution from a different angle: it is not directly concerned with the disputes surrounding the French political and social reforms, but rather with the contemporary perceptions and understanding of the transformations in * I am grateful to Julian Hoppit, Phil Withington and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the SSFH Annual Conference in  and the Voltaire Foundation in . I am also grateful to Gareth Stedman Jones for his encouragement and comments.  J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, commerce and history (Cambridge, ), pp. -; Gregory Claeys, The French Revolution debate in Britain: the origins of modern politics (Basingtoke, ), pp. , . Christ Church, St Aldates, Oxford OX OP anna.plassart@chch.ox.ac.uk The Historical Journal, ,  (), pp. - © Cambridge University Press  doi:./SX warfare, national feeling, and international relations that marked the period. These transformations were arguably as revolutionary as the social and political upheavals of the s, and have themselves been the focus of much scholarly attention; yet the contemporary reflections they attracted in Britain have remained mostly unexplored.  T...

Historians of ideas have traditionally discussed the significance of the French Revolution through the prism of several major interpretations, including the commentaries of Burke, Tocqueville and Marx. This book argues that the Scottish Enlightenment offered an alternative and equally powerful interpretative framework for the Revolution, which focused on the transformation of the polite, civilised moeurs that had defined the 'modernity' analysed by Hume and Smith in the eighteenth century. The Scots observed what they understood as a military- and democracy-led transformation of European modern morals and concluded that the real historical significance of the Revolution lay in the transformation of warfare, national feelings and relations between states, war and commerce that characterised the post-revolutionary international order. This book recovers the Scottish philosophers' powerful discussion of the nature of post-revolutionary modernity and shows that it is essential to our understanding of nineteenth-century political thought.

In 1893, Théodore Flournoy published a landmark book on synesthesia - Des phénomènes de synopsie [Of Synoptic Phenomena]. The book presented a pioneering chapter on synesthetic personification, including numerous striking case examples, and it is frequently cited by twenty-first-century researchers as providing some of the earliest examples of the phenomenon. Flournoy employed a broad definition of personification - the representation of stimuli as concrete and specific individuals or inanimate objects. This definition encompassed a more extensive set of phenomena than the definition used by researchers today and was illustrated by cases that would fall outside of contemporary subtypes of synesthetic personification. Yet, Flournoy's seminal work remains unavailable in English, and the extent of the phenomenon that he described has not been discussed in the contemporary literature. We provide an unabridged translation of Flournoy's chapter "Des personnifications" ["Of Personifications"].