Investigation presents the multiyear assessment of biodiversity and development features of phototrophic communities from hypogean habitats. Caves exploitation as a tourist sites leads to anthropogenic transformation of subterranean ecosystems and formation of new communities named lampenflora. An example is given by the Ahshtyrskaya Cave (Sochi, Russia), which was equipped in 2000. The air temperature in the cave was 9-18 °C, humidity average 60-80%, the content of 222Rn 250-550 Bk/m3. Species identification was performed using standard approaches and cultivation methods. Cluster analysis was used to estimate similarity of communities in different cave zones. Biodiversity of phototrophs was revealed in entrance zone and zone of artificial light in 2017 - 2019. Species Microcystis pulverea, Scytonema drilosiphon, Chlorella vulgaris, Eucladium verticillatum predominated in communities of abovementioned zones. Considering the entrance zone communities as climax ones, comparison them with lampenflora can help to determine the speed and direction of succession. As a result of cluster analysis, it was established that species composition of lampenflora is most close to the entrance zone in case of maximum illuminated area. Thus, the succession of lampenflora depends on the intensity of illumination and tends to the species composition of the entrance zone communities.

Investigation presents the assessment of species composition and structure of microbiota communities in the Otap Head Cave. Species were identified using standard approaches and cultivation methods. The abundance of algae and cyanobacteria was estimated applying 5-point Brown- Blank scale. Biodiversity of biofouling communities was revealed. Cyanobacteria were the dominant group of phototrophs colonizing cave wall and water streams. The most frequently documented cyanobacteria were species from genera Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Among micromycetes prevailed Ascomycetes (genera Aspergillus, Penicillum, Trichoderma). The development of so-called lamp flora around artificial lights was not observed. The presence of sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was detected. It can indicate that a small circulation of sulfur occurs in cave at the present time.

Резюме. Цель. Анализ видового состава фототрофов и микромицетов сообществ обрастаний входных участ-ков келий историко-археологического комплекса Старый Орхей. Сравнение видового состава сообществ об-растаний на поверхности и в кельях. Сравнение фототрофов этих сообществ с видовым составом аналогич-ных сообществ культовых меловых пещер Воронежской области и известняковых гротов Подольских Товтр. Объекты. Объектом исследования были входные участки келий скального монастыря «Успение Божьей Матери», заповедника Старый Орхей (Молдавия). Методы. Проводили определение видового состава фо-тотрофов методами микроскопии и методом посева на культуральную среду. Мхи и лишайники из сообществ обрастаний изучали традиционными ботаническими методами. Микромицеты исследовали методами выде-ления на селективной среде Чапека-Докса. Определяли обилие и встречаемость видов в сообществах. Ре-зультаты. В результате исследования выявлено биоразнообразие сообществ обрастаний подземных ме-стообитаний. Показано, что видовое разнообразие на поверхности сходно с составом видов в пещерах. Определены доминирующие виды в подземных и поверхностных сообществах обрастаний. Сходство видово-го состава флоры с пещерами Воронежской области и Украины не выявлено. Заключение. В структуре фло-ры келий скального монастыря «Успение Божьей Матери» преобладают цианобактерии. Микромицеты сооб-ществ обрастаний представлены широко распространенными почвенными видами. Видовой состав келий сходен с составом видов на поверхности. Можно предположить, что состав видов подземных местообитаний определяется комплексом условий, среди которых наиболее важным является освещённость, температура и влажность, качество субстрата и видовой состав на поверхности. Ключевые слова: цианобактерии, водоросли, микромицеты, сообщества, подземные местообитания.Формат цитирования: Мазина С.Е., Попкова А.В. Сообщества освещенной зоны подземных келий скального монастыря «Успение Божьей Матери» заповедника Старый Орхей // Юг России: экология, развитие. 2017. Т.12, N4. C. 138-146. DOI: 10.18470/1992138-146. DOI: 10.18470/ -1098138-146. DOI: 10.18470/ -2017 COMMUNITIES OF THE LIGHTED ZONE OF HYPOGEAN MONASTIC CELLS OF THE ROCK MONASTERY "DORMITION OF GOD'S MOTHER", THE RESERVE OLD ORHEY Abstract.Aim. An analysis of species composition (phototrophic organisms and micromycetes) of epibioses communities of entrance area of monastic cells of the historical and archaeological complex of Old Orhei. Comparison of species composition of epibioses communities on the surface areas and in the cells. Comparison of phototrophic species composition of abovementioned communities with similar communities of the cult chalk caves of the Voronezh region and limestone grottoes of Podolsky Tovtry. Objects. The object of the investigation was the entrance area of the monastic cells of the rocky monastery "Dormition of God's Mother", the reserve of Old Orhei (Moldova).

The article discusses the ecological significance of the phototrophic communities developing in entrance zone of grotto type caves as ecotones and refugiums. Species intrazonality and the dependence of cave species composition on geographic location were considered. The aim of present study was to identify similar caves of different regions based on the species composition of phototrophic communities using own data and data from literature. The empiric basis for investigation was present by phototropic species lists of own studies conducted by standard methods for phototropic species identification, as well as species lists from literature. The most frequently encountered phototrophs were species Chroococcus minutus and Chlorella vulgaris. Their occurrence in all the studied caves was revealed based on the taxonomic analysis. Thus, the intrazonal nature of the flora developed in grotto type caves is partially confirmed. Cluster analysis applying Euclidean distance was used to estimate similarity of the phototrophic communities developed in grotto caves of various genesis. Four clusters were identified: cretaceous caves of the Voronezh region; limestone grottoes of Ukraine and Abkhazia; monastic cells of Moldova and Ukraine; caves of Italy and Hungary. The dependence of the phototrophs biodiversity on the composition of the rocks and the genesis of the cavities was established. The geographical trend of photosynthetic species distribution in the grotto type caves was revealed.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of bioformulations based on endophytic fungi to control apple scab and Valsa canker disease in two orchards in the Aurès region (Algeria). In both orchards, the results showed that the treatment of senescent apple leaves by invert emulsions containing Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Chaetomium globosum harmed the ascogenesis of winter forms of Venturia inaequalis by reducing the number of ascospore-ejecting asci, the number of morphologically mature asci, and a considerable increase in the immature asci number. This antifungal activity was more essential in soil-incorporated leaves, showing the importance of the combination of treatments with cultural practices to efficiently control the apple scab disease. Furthermore, the disease incidence decreased by 52.63% and 50.68% in R’haouat and Bouhmama orchards, respectively. Moreover, the treatment of Valsa ceratosperma cankers with a biogel containing the endophytic yeast Metschnikowia sp. led to wound healing varying from 43.52% and 87.97% after 120 days but remained more considerable than conventional treatment with Folicur (tebuconazol). The current results open real opportunities concerning the implementation of eco-friendly and potent apple protection systems.