Beta-caryophyllene is an odoriferous bicyclic sesquiterpene found in various herbs and spices. Recently, it was found that beta-caryophyllene is a ligand of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Activation of CB2 will decrease pain, a major signal for inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that beta-caryophyllene can affect wound healing by decreasing inflammation. Here we show that cutaneous wounds of mice treated with beta-caryophyllene had enhanced re-epithelialization. The treated tissue showed increased cell proliferation and cells treated with beta-caryophyllene showed enhanced cell migration, suggesting that the higher re-epithelialization is due to enhanced cell proliferation and cell migration. The treated tissues also had up-regulated gene expression for hair follicle bulge stem cells. Olfactory receptors were not involved in the enhanced wound healing. Transient Receptor Potential channel genes were up-regulated in the injured skin exposed to beta-caryophyllene. Interestingly, there were sex differences in the impact of beta- caryophyllene as only the injured skin of female mice had enhanced re-epithelialization after exposure to beta-caryophyllene. Our study suggests that chemical compounds included in essential oils have the capability to improve wound healing, an effect generated by synergetic impacts of multiple pathways.

25Beta--caryophyllene is an odoriferous bicyclic sesquiterpene found in various herbs and 26 spices. Recently, it was found that beta--caryophyllene is a ligand of the cannabinoid 27 receptor 2 (CB2). Activation of CB2 will decrease pain, a major signal for inflammatory 28 responses. We hypothesized that beta--caryophyllene can affect wound healing by 29 decreasing inflammation. Here we show that cutaneous wounds of mice treated with beta--30 caryophyllene had enhanced re--epithelialization. The treated tissue showed increased cell 31 proliferation and cells treated with beta--caryophyllene showed enhanced cell migration, 32suggesting that the higher re--epithelialization is due to enhanced cell proliferation and cell 33 migration. The treated tissues also had up--regulated gene expression for hair follicle bulge 34 stem cells. Olfactory receptors were not involved in the enhanced wound healing. Transient 35Receptor Potential channel genes were up--regulated in the injured skin exposed to beta--36 caryophyllene. Interestingly, there were sex differences in the impact of beta--37 caryophyllene as only the injured skin of female mice had enhanced re--epithelialization 38 after exposure to beta--caryophyllene. Our study suggests that chemical compounds 39 included in essential oils have the capability to improve wound healing, an effect generated 40 by synergetic impacts of multiple pathways. (184 words) 41 effects. First, olfactory receptors are expressed in both olfactory neurons and in non--64 olfactory tissues, such as skin and circulatory organs [18,19]. Furthermore, some odorants 65 activate both olfactory receptors and non--olfactory receptors. For example, beta--66 caryophyllene (BCP), which is an odoriferous bicyclic sesquiterpene present in many herbs 67 and spices, is a ligand of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) 2 [20] as well as olfactory receptors. 68How odorants such as BCP act on distinct receptor classes is important for the most 69 effective use of BCP. 70The CB2 receptor is expressed in neuronal cells, immune tissue, hair follicles, sebaceous 71 glands, the dermomuscular layer, and vascular smooth muscle in intact skin [21]. 72 Activation of CB2 by CB2 selective agonist GP1a improved re--epithelialization in wound 73 healing [22,23]. Essential oil of Copaifera paupera, which contains BCP also improved 74 wound healing [24], although it is not clear whether BCP had a direct or indirect role and 75 whether the wound healing is promoted by the CB2 receptor. In this project, we examined 76 whether BCP can improve re--epithelialization and, if so, whether the olfactory system is 77 involved in the impact. 78 79Results and discussion 80 BCP treatment enhanced re--epithelialization 6 phases that takes place from minutes to weeks: hemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation 84 and migration, and maturation/scarring [25--28]. We examined whether exposure to BCP 85 affect cell proliferation and the re--epithelialization of mouse skin in a full thickness wound 86 generated on the back of mice using scissors. The...

Background: Interventional radiology (IR) procedures offer less invasive and low risk options for the treatment of pediatric liver abnormalities, as well as life sustaining measures to bridge patients to transplant. Literature regarding IR interventions for pediatric liver disease is limited. Common conditions that can be treated with IR procedures include vascular anomalies: congenital portosystemic shunts, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), and Budd-Chiari malformation. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can be used to prevent recalcitrant variceal bleeding in portal HTN.  Liver biopsy (percutaneous and transjugular) is used to sample the liver and can be targeted to tumors and other lesions. Percutaneous approaches to image biliary abnormalities and treat strictures are useful in children after liver transplant and also without.,     Objective: describe liver IR procedures and their outcomes in a single-center cohort study      Methods: Patients will be identified through retrospective chart review at Riley Hospital for Children to identify and record the diagnoses, interventions, and relevant outcomes for eligible patients. Descriptive statistics can then be performed. This data set can be used to help inform clinicians on indications and expected outcomes for relevant hepatic IR procedures.     Conclusion: It is anticipated that data collected for this project will show increased utilization of these procedures at the end of the study period compared to the beginning, and the complication rate for the IR procedure will be lower when compared to equivalent traditional procedures to treat the same condition.