A flanking structure developed along a secondary shear zone in calcite marbles, on Syros (Cyclades, Greece), provides a natural laboratory for directly studying the effects of strain rate variations on calcite deformation at identical pressure and temperature conditions. The presence and rotation of a fracture during progressive deformation caused extreme variations in finite strain and strain rate, forming a localized ductile shear zone that shows different microstructures and textures. Textures and the degree of intracrystalline deformation were measured by electron backscattered diffraction. Marbles from the host rocks and the shear zone, which deformed at various strain rates, display crystal-preferred orientation, suggesting that the calcite preferentially deformed by intracrystalline-plastic deformation. Increasing strain rate results in a switch from subgrain rotation to bulging recrystallization in the dislocation-creep regime. With increasing strain rate, we observe in fine-grained (3 μm) ultramylonitic zones a change in deformation regime from grain-size insensitive to grain-size sensitive. Paleowattmeter and the paleopiezometer suggest strain rates for the localized shear zone around 10-10 s-1 and for the marble host rock around 10-12 s-1. We conclude that varying natural strain rates can have a first-order effect on the microstructures and textures that developed under the same metamorphic conditions.

Abstract. Extreme strain localization occurred in the centre of the cross-cutting element of a flanking structure in almost pure calcite marbles from Syros, Greece. At the maximum displacement of 120 cm along the cross-cutting element, evidence of grain size sensitive deformation mechanisms can be found in the ultramylonitic marbles, which are characterized by (1) an extremely small grain size ( ∼  3 µm), (2) grain boundary triple junctions with nearly 120° angles, (3) a weak crystallographic preferred orientation with very low texture index (J = 1.4), (4) a random misorientation angle distribution curve and (5) the presence of small cavities. Using transmission electron microscopy, a deformation sequence is observed comprising recrystallization dominantly by bulging, resulting in the development of the fine-grained ultramylonite followed by the development of a high dislocation density ( ∼  1013 m−2) with ongoing deformation of the fine-grained ultramylonite. The arrangement of dislocations in the extremely fine-grain-sized calcite differs from microstructures created by classical dislocation creep mediated by combined glide and thermally activated climb. Instead, it exhibits extensive glide and dislocation networks characteristic of recovery accommodated by cross-slip and network-assisted dislocation movement without formation of idealized subgrain walls. The enabling of grain boundary sliding to dislocation activity is deemed central to initiating and sustaining strain softening and is argued to be an important strain localization process in calcite rocks, even at a high strain rate ( ∼  10−9 s−1) and low temperature (300 °C).

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