Enhanced nuclear localization of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in prostate cancer (PCa) samples and constitutive NF-κB signaling in a class of PCa cell lines with low androgen receptor (AR) expression (PC3 and DU-145) imply an important role of the IκB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB system in PCa. However, most PCa and PCa cell lines depend on the activity of the AR, and the role of NF-κB in these AR-expressing PCa remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of NF-κB signaling by the IKK inhibitor BMS345541 reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in AR-expressing PCa cell lines. Furthermore, AR activity and target gene expression were distinctively reduced, whereas AR protein levels remained unaltered on BMS345541 treatment. Similar effects were observed particularly after small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of IKK1, but not by siRNA-mediated suppression of IKK2. Moreover, IKK1 overexpression augmented 5α-dihydrotestosterone-induced nuclear AR translocation, whereas nuclear AR was reduced by IKK1 knockdown or BMS345541. However, because IKK1 also enhances the activity of a chronically nuclear AR mutant, modulation of the subcellular distribution seems not to be the only mechanism by which IKK1 enhances AR activity. Finally, reduced in vivo AR phosphorylation after BMS345541 treatment and in vitro AR phosphorylation by IKK1 or IKK2 imply that AR constitutes a novel IKK target. Taken together, our data identify IKK1 as a potentially target structure for future therapeutic intervention in PCa.

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The unique co‐occurrence of thyriothecia belonging to three fossil genera of epiphyllous fungi, Stomiopeltites Alvin & Muir (Micropeltidaceae), Callimothallus Dilcher, and Trichothyrites Rosendahl (Microthyriaceae), are reported on the leaves of the same host plant, Cunninghamia shangcunica Kodrul, Gordenko & Sokolova from the Oligocene Shangcun Formation of the Maoming Basin, South China. In China, Stomiopeltites is identified for the first time, Callimothallus is known from the Oligocene and Miocene of Guangxi and Zhejiang provinces, and Trichothyrites previously has been found only in the Eocene palynological assemblages of the Maoming Basin. The presence of abundant and diverse epiphyllous micromycetes, together with the taxonomic composition of the Shangcun megaflora and pollen assemblage, as well as quantitative climatic estimates obtained using Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program, confirm the existence of a warm and humid climate in this region during the late early Oligocene. The geographic and stratigraphic distributions, comparisons with extant analogues, as well as ecological and paleoclimatic implications of the fossil fungi are discussed.

В статье приводятся сведения о микромицетах закзника «Лебяжий» (Ломоносовский р-н Ленинградской обл.). Субстратами для собранных грибов были живые и отмершие части де-ревьев, кустарников, кустарничков и травянистых растений преимущественно из семейств Rosaceae, Salicaceae и Betulaceae. Список видов микромицетов, обнаруженных на территории заказника составил к настоящему времени 67 видов из отделов Ascomycota, Basidiomycota и Oomycota, 36 из которых приводятся для обследованной территории впервые. Большая часть вошедших в список видов -облигатные паразиты, главным образом из порядков Erysiphales (18 видов) и Pucciniales (14 видов). Соответственно наиболее распространенными заболевани-ями являются мучнистая роса и ржавчина. Специально проведенное обследование популяции мирта болотного (Myrica gale L.) позволило выявить два вида сумчатых грибов, развивающих-ся на ветвях этого растения. Это микромицеты: Phacellium rufi basis (Capnodiales), вызывающий красно-бурую пятнистость листьев, и Cryptodiaporthe aubertii (Diaporthales), развивающийся на отмирающих ветвях. При обследовании растений песчаных пляжей, растительность кото-рых особо охраняется на территории заказника, было выявлено 7 видов микромицетов. Три из них принадлежат порядку Erysiphales, остальные -порядкам Pucciniales, Ustilaginales, Rhytismatales и Capnodiales. Библиогр. 24 назв. Ил. THE MATERIALS TO STUDY OF MICROFUNGI IN LEBYAZHY NATURE RESERVE (LOMONOSOV DISTRICT OF LENINGRAD REGION)Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; atobias@yandex.ru, balanataliya@yandex.ru, greenkiss@mail.ru Data about species of microfungi, collected in Lebyazhy nature reserve (Lomonosov district of Leningrad region) is presented. Th e living or dead parts of trees, shrubs, semishrubs and herbaceous plants mainly from Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Betulaceae are the main substrates for identifi ed microfungi. Total of 67 species from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Oomycota were found and 36 of them were reported for the fi rst time in the reserve. Many species are obligate parasites of plants, mainly from the orders Erysiphales (18 species) and Pucciniales (14 species). So, the most important plant diseases are powdery mildew and rust. Th e population of entering in the Red Book of Leningrad Region was examined for a special purpose. Two fungi species were found on it. Th ey are Phacellium rufi basis (Capnodiales) that causes redish-brown spots on twigs and leaves and Cryptodiaporthe aubertii (Diaporthales) growing on dead brunches. Seven species of micromycetes are associated with plants of sandy shoresthe specially protected sites of Lebyazhy nature reserve. Th ree of them are from Erysiphales and others -from Pucciniales, Ustilaginales, Rhytismatales and Capnodiales. Refs 24. Figs 2. Table 1.

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