This paper explores how the protection of property rights can serve as a limit to deteriorating social security protection. The protection of property rights under Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), often combined with the right to fair trial under Article 6(1), has proved a valuable legal instrument in social security matters when the respective rights seem to be threatened by potential changes in social security law. This article therefore focuses on the judicial protection provided when a social security claim is brought to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and certain selected national courts. If the right to social security actually provides a more targeted content with regard to the status quo of an individual protected under a social security system, then what are the consequences for law and juridical practice? Jurisprudence and relevant case law at a European level under the ECHR focuses attention on the obligations of the contracting Member States in respect of the protection of social security rights, classified under the Article 1 1P of the ECHR.

This paper focuses on the pensioners of the Greek public pension fund for the selfemployed (OAEE) and is divided into two parts. The first part comprises calculations of pension reductions in certain cases for the selfemployed. The analysis of the former illustrates the great difference in handling pensioners<br />receiving low and high old-age pension benefits. The second part analyses the legal protection of the high-earnings pensioners precipitated by the Greek financial crisis. It is concluded that while there is no existing legal protection, there are some moral and legal arguments in support of their protection to<br />ensure that their legal status is not undermined due to restricted financial resources.

Η κοινωνικοασφαλιστική παραβατικότητα ως «σκόπελος» για την κοινωνική δικαιοσύνη: η συσχέτιση µε το εργασιακό καθεστώς και την καταγγελία δυσλειτουργιών Άννα Τσέτουρα, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήµιο Θεσσαλονίκης ΠΕΡIΛΗΨΗ Η παρούσα µελέτη διερευνά την παραβατικότη-τα της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης, η οποία µπορεί να βλάψει την κοινωνική δικαιοσύνη και την απονο-µή της. Υπό εξέταση τίθενται οι παράµετροι που οδηγούν στην απάτη ή την παραβατικότητα σε ό, τι αφορά την κοινωνική ασφάλιση. Λαµβάνοντας υπόψη ότι το καθεστώς κοινωνικής ασφάλισης συνδέεται µε την απασχόληση, η επισφαλής και η αδήλωτη εργασία παρουσιάζονται ως απειλή για την ισορροπία του συστήµατος κοινωνικής ασφά-λισης. Κατόπιν της ανάλυσης της κατάστασης στην ΕΕ όσον αφορά τις «γκρίζες ζώνες» της εργασίας που έχουν, στη συνέχεια, τις επιπτώσεις τους στην ισορροπία της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης, σκιαγρα-φούνται οι µηχανισµοί των ΗΠΑ για την αναφορά απάτης και την προστασία των καταγγελιών, προ-κειµένου να εξηγηθούν και οι πρόσφατες τάσεις σε πολλές από τις χώρες της ΕΕ προς υιοθέτηση παρόµοιων µέτρων. ΛΕΞΕΙΣ-ΚΛΕΙ∆ΙΑ: επισφαλής εργασία, κοινωνι-κοασφαλιστική κάλυψη, καταγγελία δυσλειτουρ-γιών ABSTRACTThis article explores social security delinquency, which can impair social justice and its awarding. The parameters leading to social security fraud or delinquency are examined. Taking into account that the social security status is linked to employment, precarity in work or undeclared work are presented as a threat for the balance of a social security system. It is about a financial balance, but also a social one, since the previous can ultimately result in the disruption of social justice causing anti-motives for the participating in the social security system and the proper fulfillment of the obligations it entails. After presenting the situation in the EU as regards the "grey zones" of employment which then have their impact on social security equilibrium, U.S.' mechanisms for reporting fraud and whistleblower's protection are analyzed in order to explain the recent trends in many of the EU countries of adopting similar measures.

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The digital transformation of contemporary societies may already have been seen by older people as an obstacle; during the pandemic, however, great emphasis was given to technology. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the phenomenon of social exclusion of older people, linked to their vulnerability and the “COVID circumstances” and shaped by the various measures imposed by different countries to limit physical contact, which led to technological inequality. The findings emphasize the isolation of the elderly and their non-use or insufficient use of health services and long-term care services. Further implications relate to socioeconomic costs arising from the inefficient treatment of their needs regarding their physical and “technological” vulnerability. The article concludes with considerations of the importance of distinct—both individually and collectively oriented—approaches to create better social conditions that will enhance technological equality for the elderly.