This study explored therapist characteristics associated with the development of working alliance in long-term therapies, up to 120 sessions. The quality of working alliance was rated by both patients (n = 201) and therapists (n = 61) at sessions 3, 12, 20 and every 20th successive session. Therapists' self-reported scores on the 'cold/detached' dimension of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-64 tapping therapists' interpersonal style, such as being distanced, disconnected or indifferent, had a negative impact on the working alliance as rated both by patients and therapists. More professional training was associated with poorer quality of working alliance, as rated by patients. A trend indicated that more experienced therapists rated the alliance lower at all sessions. Therapists' report of better maternal care up to their adolescence had a positive impact on patients' rating of alliance. Clinical implications are discussed.

After distinguishing between sex-role typing, socialization, and identification, a sample of adult males and a sample of adult females from the Berkeley longitudinal studies were grouped, using the Femininity and Socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory, according to their sex role and socialization pattern-sex-appropriate/socialized, sex-appropriate/unsocialized, sex-inappropriate/socialized, and sex-inappropriate/unsocialized. The many personality correlates of these patternings were highly informative as were the family and childhood data available for these subjects. The relationships observed were interpreted employing an articulated version of the concept of identification. It was further noted that sex-role typing for men appears to expand the personal options available to them; for women, sex-role typing seems to restrict the alternatives of action and expression that are available.

In this chapter, we introduce readers to the varied groups of psychotherapists who participated in our study. In doing this, we have two aims in mind. The first is to provide a context for understanding variations in responses to the questions posed in the Development of Psychotherapists Common Core Questionnaire. Psychotherapists share certain basic characteristics, but they also differ in many ways from one another. A detailed description of our therapists' varied characteristics will help readers 27

The influence of maternal attachment on children's attachment and executive functioning skills through maternal sensitivity and decentered tutoring were studied in 40 middle-class mother-child dyads. Infant attachment security in the Strange Situation Procedure was related to maternal attachment security, evaluated with the Adult Attachment Interview. When the children were six-seven months of age, maternal sensitivity was evaluated. When the child was six years old, maternal decentered tutoring and the children's executive functioning were evaluated. Regression analyses indicated that maternal tutoring accounted for the association between maternal attachment and child cognitive functioning, whereas maternal sensitivity accounted for the association between maternal and child attachment.

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