The model of campus threat assessment commonly used in Australian universities has been adapted largely from those in the United States and focuses primarily on a range of problem behaviors and disruptive mental health presentations, rather than targeted violence specifically. The present work outlines the development and practice of a campus threat assessment team at Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia. The results detail case demographics, behaviors of concern, levels of concern, behavioral red flags, and case outcomes. Three brief case studies further illustrate the team's operations. This study also examines a triage tool, the Quadrants of Aggression and Intrusion Concern (QuAIC), designed for use by non-clinicians as a method for quantifying emotional responses to problem behavior and standardizing reporting to allow for early interventions. The assessed levels of concern produced by the QuAIC were highly consistent with those reached via professional judgment. The most commonly reported problem behaviors collated in this work involved bullying, inappropriate communication, cyber-abuse, stalking, physical altercations, sexual harassment, communicated threats, and threatening behavior. Physical assault, family violence, and sexual offences combined comprised less than 10% of cases examined. Factors impacting delivery and outcomes are discussed. The findings and recommendations may be of benefit to individuals, groups, or institutions seeking to establish or evaluate a unit tasked with managing problematic student behavior.

Aims Over 65,000 cholecystectomies are performed each year in the United Kingdom with increasing waiting-list times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study set out to understand the cost to the NHS of complications experienced whilst awaiting cholecystectomy. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out for all patients who had been awaiting elective cholecystectomy for more than 20 weeks on the 17th September 2021 at a large NHS Foundation Trust. Demographic data was collected at the time of listing. Re-admission data was collected from patient notes. It included clinical history, blood results and imaging investigations. Associated costs were calculated. Results 900 patients included in the study (median age 56 years, 71.7% female). 138 patients (15.3%) re-presented to hospital whilst on the waiting list with complications of gallstone disease. Of these, 51 had more than one presentation to hospital with 18 patients having more than three presentations. This was equivalent to 625 days in hospital, with only 79 same day discharges, and multiple investigations were performed (ultrasound scan = 79; CT scan = 31, MRCP = 47, ERCP = 21). This was estimated to have cost a minimum of £364,917. Assuming an average time for an elective cholecystectomy of 90 mins at a cost of £1,200 per hour, 202 additional cholecystectomies could have been performed. Conclusion This study highlights the enormous potential to reduce patient suffering by increasing the number of elective cholecystectomy lists, and at no overall additional cost to the trust.