Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with several neurologic manifestations including the development of cerebral lesions resembling CNS vasculitis in elderly patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [1][2][3][4] Here, we report additional evidence for COVID-19-related CNS vasculitis, confirmed by biopsy, in a young healthy patient with otherwise mild COVID-19 infection.

33Long-term memory is often considered easily corruptible, imprecise and inaccurate, especially in 34 comparison to working memory. However, most research used to support these findings relies on 35 weak long-term memories: those where people have had only one brief exposure to an item. Here 36 we investigated the fidelity of visual long-term memory in more naturalistic setting, with 37 repeated exposures, and ask how it compares to visual working memory fidelity. Using 38 psychophysical methods designed to precisely measure the fidelity of visual memory, we 39 demonstrate that long-term memory for the color of frequently seen objects is as accurate as 40 working memory for the color of a single item seen 1 second ago. In particular, we show that 41 repetition greatly improves long-term memory, including the ability to discriminate an item from 42 a very similar item ('fidelity'), in both a lab setting (Exps. 1-3) and a naturalistic setting (brand 43 logos, Exp. 4). Overall our results demonstrate the impressive nature of visual long-term memory 44 fidelity, which we find is even higher fidelity than previously indicated in situations involving 45 repetitions. Furthermore, our results suggest that there is no distinction between the fidelity of 46 visual working memory and visual long-term memory, but instead both memory systems are 47 capable of storing similar incredibly high fidelity memories under the right circumstances. Our 48 results also provide further evidence that there is no fundamental distinction between the 49 'precision' of memory and the 'likelihood of retrieving a memory', instead suggesting a single 50 continuous measure of memory strength best accounts for working and long-term memory. 51 52 53 Miner, Schurgin, Brady: Repetition and long-term memory fidelity 2 Public Significance Statement 54Visual working memory appears to be based on persistence of perceptual representations in 55 visual cortex. By contrast, visual long-term memory depends critically on semantically 56 meaningful stimuli and is organized by categories and concepts. Does this mean visual long-term 57 memory is fundamentally incapable of storing as precise perceptual information as visual 58 working memory? In the current work, we show that after being shown multiple repetitions of 59 the same item, visual long-term memory can represent incredibly precise visual details. In fact, 60 after just 8 repetitions, visual long-term memory can be as precise as our very best visual 61 working memories. This provides evidence that there is not a fundamental distinction between 62 the fidelity of visual working memory and visual long-term memory. 63 64 Keywords: visual long-term memory; visual working memory; repetition; memory fidelity; 65 memory capacity 66 Miner, Schurgin, Brady: Repetition and long-term memory fidelity 3 Humans have remarkable visual long-term memory abilities, capable of storing thousands of 67 items (Standing, Conezio & Hyber, 1970) with high fidelity (Brady, Konkle, Alvarez & Oliva, 682008). Thus, while working...

Objective To assess the initial features and evolution of neurologic Postacute Sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (neuro‐PASC) in patients with and without prior neurologic disease. Methods Participants with neurologic symptoms following acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were recruited from October 9, 2020 to October 11, 2021. Clinical data included a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection history, neurologic review of systems, neurologic exam, Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), and symptom‐based self‐reported surveys at baseline (conducted after acute infection) and 6‐month follow‐up assessments. Results Fifty‐six participants (69% female, mean age 50 years, 29% with prior neurologic disease such as multiple sclerosis) were enrolled, of which 27 had completed the 6‐month follow‐up visit in this ongoing study. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection severity was largely described as mild (39.3%) or moderate (42.9%). At baseline, following acute infection, the most common neurologic symptoms were fatigue (89.3%) and headaches (80.4%). At the 6‐month follow‐up, memory impairment (68.8%) and decreased concentration (61.5%) were the most prevalent, though on average all symptoms showed a reduction in reported severity score at the follow‐up. Complete symptom resolution was reported in 33.3% of participants by 6 months. From baseline to 6 months, average MoCA scores improved overall though 26.3% of participants’ scores decreased. A syndrome consisting of tremor, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction (PASC‐TAC) was observed in 7.1% of patients. Interpretation Early in the neuro‐PASC syndrome, fatigue and headache are the most commonly reported symptoms. At 6 months, memory impairment and decreased concentration were most prominent. Only one‐third of participants had completed resolution of neuro‐PASC at 6 months, although persistent symptoms trended toward improvement at follow‐up.