Nanomaterials have been used in the oil and gas industry to improve thermal stability, rheology properties, and reactivity through fluid dispersion into the formation. Nanomaterials in producing wells can control formation damage near the wellbore regions. Foreign fluid invasion to the reservoir rock during drilling, fracturing, completion, enhanced oil recovery, and workover causes an interaction with the rock formation and fluids. This results in formation damage such as clay swelling and deflocculation, solid particle invasion, and asphaltene precipitation, all of which reduce production and lead to significant economic losses. In this review, we present the application of nanomaterials to oilfields as a way of optimizing production with minimal formation damage near the wellbore regions. Also, this review presents how the laboratory experiments from nanomaterials were upscaled to oilfields. The different types of nanomaterials used to control formation damage across producing fields around the world were investigated. This study has shown that nanomaterials are more effective than traditional materials to be used in oilfields for controlling formation damage during various stages of oil and gas development and it recommends that the effect of the relationship between nanoparticle size and type should be explored for effective application. However, because formation damage is caused for a variety of reasons, this work points out that many types of nanomaterials need to be combined to achieve multipurpose mitigation. Furthermore, more research concerning the dispersion of nanoparticles in cement slurry and fracturing fluid should be undertaken.

This paper investigates the computational solution to the problem of projectile motion under a significant linear drag effect. The drag force acting on the particle within the medium of propagation is proportional to the cross-section area of the projectile, the velocity of the particle, and the medium's density. From zero air resistance force (vacuum) the problems are well known with solutions, but with air resistance (drag force) the problems have no exact analytical solutions which lead to most of the significant scientific research works using numerical methods. Therefore, this study aims to present the analysis of the computational modelling of drag force exerted by the surrounding medium on the linear motion. However, the horizontal and vertical components of differential equations of motion were derived and characterized from the solutions governed by Newton's 2 nd law of motion. The baseball features were presented as the projectile (object) in this work. In addition, the numerical computational results were received from FreeMat. The results were discussed and compared with those from the vacuum. Moreover, the displacements, velocities, range, and trajectories of the projectile were all discussed and a conclusion was made.